14.5: Key Terms
- Page ID
- 90597
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- acute pain
- pain that is sudden in onset and is expected to last less than 1 month
- addiction
- a persistent, compulsive dependence on a substance or behavior despite known harm
- antipyretics
- medications used to treat fever
- chronic pain
- pain persisting longer than 3 months
- conduction
- the process of converting chemical signals into electrical signals to be carried by nerves
- cyclooxygenase
- an enzyme responsible for the production of several inflammatory cytokines, including prostaglandins
- cytochrome P450 2D6
- a family of oxidative enzymes responsible for metabolizing many different drugs
- cytokines
- proteins that regulate inflammation in immune responses
- hepatotoxicity
- injury to the liver caused by many factors, such as a drug, environmental toxins, or radioactive exposure
- modulation
- the process of enhancing or inhibiting a painful signal before it reaches the brain
- neuropathic pain
- pain that originates in the peripheral or central nervous system
- nociception
- the processing of noxious stimuli by both the peripheral and central nervous system
- nociceptive pain
- pain that occurs because of tissue injury
- nociceptors
- specialized nerves that respond to painful stimuli
- nonopioid analgesic
- any analgesic that does not activate the opioid receptors to relieve pain
- nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
- a classification of drugs that reduce inflammation by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase
- opioid agonists
- drugs that activate opioid receptors
- opioid use disorder
- a persistent, compulsive dependence on opioids
- pain
- an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage
- pain threshold
- the point at which a stimulus is perceived as painful
- perception
- the point at which the brain receives a painful signal
- referred pain
- deep visceral pain that causes pain elsewhere in the body (e.g., pancreatic injury that causes back pain, myocardial infarction that causes jaw and shoulder pain)
- Reye’s syndrome
- a disorder characterized by liver and brain toxicity culminating in life-threatening neurologic symptoms, seen most often in the setting of aspirin therapy in children with a viral illness
- substance P
- a neurotransmitter that enhances pain perception
- tolerance
- physiologic adaptation to the effect of a drug after repeated exposure
- transduction
- the initial activation of nociceptors
- transmission
- the process of carrying a painful signal from the peripheral nervous system to the brain
- withdrawal
- physiologic effects that occur after discontinuation of a drug that has been used for a prolonged period