9.5: Diseases Related to Carbohydrates
- Page ID
- 157826
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Consumption of too much sugar can lead to Oral Disease, which includes decay of the teeth, gums, and mouth tissues.
To avoid or reduce oral disease, switch to a non-sugar drink, and brush your teeth. Overconsumption of sugar does not cause diabetes. With diabetes, just like other diseases, genetics, nutrition, environment, and lifestyle factors are all involved in determining a person’s risk of developing diabetes. There are two types of diabetes. Type 1 Diabetes was once a death sentence but can now be treated with insulin injections. However, insulin injections do not cure the disease, and people with diabetes can suffer many disease complications. Diabetes complications can be relieved by strictly managing blood-glucose levels, adhering to a healthy diet, and increasing physical activity. The incidence of Type 2 Diabetes has more than doubled in America in the past thirty years, and the rise is partly attributed to the increase in obesity. The front-line approach for treating Type 2 Diabetes includes eating a healthy diet and increasing physical activity. The long-term health consequences of diabetes are severe. They result from chronically high glucose concentrations in the blood and other metabolic abnormalities such as high blood lipid levels.
What Is Diabetes?
Diabetes is a disease of insulin deficiency (the body doesn’t make enough insulin, which is essential in moving glucose out of the bloodstream and into cells for use) and glucose over-sufficiency. Diabetes is a metabolic disease and is one of the top three diseases in America. It affects millions of people and causes tens of thousands of deaths each year. Like other diseases, genetics, nutrition, environment, and lifestyle are all involved in determining a person’s risk of developing diabetes. One sure way to decrease your chances of getting diabetes is to maintain optimal body weight by consuming a balanced diet balanced in carbohydrate, fat, and protein intake. There are three types of diabetes: Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes. According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), 34.2 million Americans—just over 1 in 10—have diabetes. 88 million American adults—approximately 1 in 3—have prediabetes.
Are You at Risk for Prediabetes?
Follow the link to the short survey.
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes is a metabolic disease in which insulin-secreting cells in the pancreas are killed by an abnormal response of the immune system, causing a lack of insulin in the body. Its onset typically occurs in children and adolescents. However, young adults can also develop the disease. Type 1 diabetes accounts for about 10 percent of diabetes cases. The only way to prevent the deadly symptoms of this disease is to inject insulin under the skin. Before this treatment was discovered, people with Type 1 diabetes died rapidly after disease onset. Death was the result of extremely high blood-glucose levels affecting brain function and leading to coma and death.
A person with Type 1 diabetes usually has a rapid onset of hunger, excessive thirst and urination, and rapid weight loss. Because the main function of glucose is to provide energy for the body. When insulin is no longer present, no message is sent to cells to take up glucose from the blood. Instead, cells use fat and proteins to make energy, resulting in weight loss. If Type 1 diabetes goes untreated, individuals with the disease will develop a life-threatening condition called ketoacidosis. This condition occurs when the body uses fats and not glucose to make energy, resulting in a build-up of ketone bodies in the blood. It is a severe form of ketosis with vomiting, dehydration, rapid breathing, confusion, and eventually coma and death. Upon insulin injection, these severe symptoms are treated, and death is avoided. Unfortunately, while insulin injection prevents death, it is not considered a cure. People who have this disease must follow a balanced diet to prevent the development of serious complications. Type 1 diabetics are advised to count the total grams of carbohydrates they eat and spread them out evenly over the course of the day to help maintain a balance in their blood sugar levels. It is also recommended that they consume complex carbohydrates and eat small frequent meals throughout the day. Frequent exercise also helps manage blood-glucose levels.
Type 2 Diabetes
The other 90 percent of diabetes cases are Type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is defined as a metabolic disease of insulin insufficiency. Still, it is also caused by the muscle, liver, and fat cells no longer responding to the body’s insulin. Therefore, the body cells have become resistant to insulin and are no longer able to take up glucose from the blood. Thus, similar to patients with Type 1 diabetes, those with Type 2 diabetes also have high blood glucose levels.
For Type 2 diabetics, the onset of symptoms is more gradual and less noticeable than for Type 1 diabetics. The symptoms are increased thirst and urination, unexplained weight loss, and hunger. The first stage of Type 2 diabetes is characterized by high glucose and insulin levels. This is because the insulin-secreting cells in the pancreas attempt to compensate for insulin resistance by making more insulin. In the second stage of Type 2 diabetes, the pancreas’ insulin-secreting cells become exhausted and die. At this point, Type 2 diabetics also have to be treated with insulin injections. The front-line approach for treating Type 2 diabetes includes eating a healthy, balanced diet and increasing physical activity. If blood glucose levels are not able to be controlled by diet and exercise, a combination of treatments such as oral medications and insulin shots may be included in the treatment.
Learn how technology can provide continuous glucose monitoring to people with diabetes.
Gestational Diabetes
Gestational diabetes can occur in pregnant women who did not have diabetes before their pregnancy. It typically occurs between 24-28 weeks into the pregnancy. Like in Type 2 diabetes, the first attempt to control blood glucose levels is diet and exercise. However, if blood glucose levels remain elevated, insulin may be included in the treatment.
Women with uncontrolled gestational diabetes will birth and an extra-large baby due to the higher circulating glucose level. This can cause a C-Section instead of natural delivery because the baby is too large. Additional problems for women with Gestational diabetes include the risk of high blood pressure and low blood sugar. To learn more about Gestational Diabetes, click on the link below.
Learn More About Gestational Diabetes
https://www.cdc.gov/pregnancy/documents/Diabetes_and_Pregnancy508.pdf
As glucose levels rise over time the blood vessels stiffen and become prone to injury.
True or False?
- Answer
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True