5: The Prevention and Control of Diseases
- Page ID
- 116227
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- 5.1: Learning Outcomes
- This page covers a public health module focused on epidemiology, distinguishing communicable from noncommunicable diseases. It includes concepts like the epidemiological triangle, multicausal and ecological models, and the chain of infection. The curriculum emphasizes prevention levels, community health prioritization, leading causes of death, health screenings, chronic disease control, and current outbreak responses.
- 5.2: The Public Health Approach
- This page outlines a public health approach with four steps: 1) Describing health problems via epidemiology and their impact; 2) Identifying root causes and risk factors; 3) Creating and evaluating prevention programs and policies; 4) Implementing successful initiatives broadly through laws and community efforts, while promoting health equity. Understanding risk and protective factors is essential for effective interventions.
- 5.3: Classification of Diseases
- This page discusses the classification of diseases by factors such as organ system, causative agent, transmission mode, and their communicability. Infectious diseases can spread between hosts through agents like viruses and bacteria, while non-infectious diseases cannot. Diseases are also categorized into acute (lasting up to three months) and chronic (lasting longer), with communicable diseases often being acute, but exceptions exist where infections may cause chronic conditions.
- 5.4: Genetic Diseases
- This page discusses genetic diseases, which are chronic noncommunicable diseases stemming from inherited gene mutations. It highlights the challenges these pose to public health, the role of genetic counseling, and the importance of research in understanding and treating these conditions.
- 5.5: Communicable Diseases
- This page explains key concepts of infectivity, pathogenicity, and virulence in relation to biological agents, particularly SARS-CoV-2. It examines varying infectivity and virulence among COVID-19 variants, emphasizing Omicron's characteristics. The text covers R0 as a measure of transmission, highlighting heightened vulnerability among older adults and certain racial groups, alongside the impact of vaccination.
- 5.6: Types of Infectious Agents
- This page covers infectious agents like viruses and bacteria, noncommunicable diseases linked to chemicals and physical agents, and the chain of infection model for disease transmission. It emphasizes methods public health workers can use to disrupt this chain and defines key terms related to transmission, including case, carrier, zoonosis, and anthroponoses, reflecting the evolving understanding of how diseases spread.
- 5.8: Modes of Transmission
- This page outlines disease transmission methods, dividing them into direct and indirect categories. Direct transmission involves immediate contact between infected and susceptible individuals, with examples like monkeypox and HIV. Indirect transmission encompasses vehicle-borne (via contaminated objects), airborne (through microbial aerosols), and vector-borne (via organisms like mosquitoes).
- 5.12: Noncommunicable Diseases
- This page discusses the global rise of noncommunicable diseases, which now exceed infectious diseases as primary causes of death. Emphasizing the importance of prevention and control, it highlights successes in reducing heart disease and the role of social determinants in health. By improving lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise, it is suggested that it’s possible to reduce the risk of multiple chronic diseases simultaneously.
- 5.13: Multi-Causation Models of Disease
- This page discusses the leading causes of death in America, highlighting that noncommunicable diseases arise from a complex interplay of genetics, behaviors, personality, and environmental factors. It stresses the need for a multicausal model to understand these diseases, differentiating them from communicable diseases that have clear biological agents.
- 5.14: The Multi-Causation Model and the Ecological Model
- This page discusses the complexity of disease etiology, highlighting the influence of specific agents and broader environmental and social factors. It presents the epidemiological triangle for communicable diseases and the social-ecological model for both disease types. The multicausal model focuses on genetic factors and health behaviors, contrasting with the ecological model's emphasis on environmental and societal influences.
- 5.15: Prioritizing Prevention and Control Efforts
- This page highlights disparities in research funding for health issues, noting rare diseases often receive less support. It outlines prioritization criteria for community health efforts, focusing on leading causes of death like heart disease and cancer, as well as significant factors like accidents and suicide. The text advocates for addressing social determinants of health to foster healthier communities and tackle multiple health issues at once.
- 5.16: Prevention, Intervention, Control, and Eradication of Diseases
- This page outlines the differences between prevention, intervention, and eradication in public health. Prevention focuses on avoiding undesirable events, such as healthy eating promotion. Intervention manages existing diseases through measures like screening. Eradication, which involves completely removing a disease, is infrequent, with smallpox as an exception.
- 5.17: Levels of Prevention
- This page outlines the three levels of prevention in public health: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary prevention focuses on preventing illness before it starts through population-wide measures like vaccination. Secondary prevention involves early diagnosis and intervention for at-risk groups via screenings. Tertiary prevention addresses treatment and rehabilitation for affected individuals, aiming to prevent further deterioration of health.
- 5.18: Prevention of Communicable Diseases
- This page outlines the prevention of communicable diseases through various measures such as primary (community and personal), secondary, and tertiary interventions, emphasizing the epidemiological triangle and chain of infection. It includes examples like water chlorination and handwashing, and strategies for outbreak management such as isolation.
- 5.19: Vaccination and how rates are changing in California
- This page discusses the importance of vaccination in building immunity against diseases and the concept of herd immunity, which protects those who cannot be vaccinated. It highlights the issue of vaccine hesitancy, fueled by distrust and misinformation, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to outbreaks of diseases such as measles and whooping cough, posing significant public health risks.
- 5.20: Examples of Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases using the 3 levels of prevention
- This page outlines strategies for preventing noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) through three prevention levels: primary (education and healthy lifestyle), secondary (screenings), and tertiary (behavioral changes and emergency care). It emphasizes the importance of both individual and community efforts in managing risk factors and differentiates between modifiable and unmodifiable factors contributing to NCDs.
- 5.21: Common Noncommunicable Diseases - An Overview for Prevention
- 5.21.1: Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD)
- 5.21.1.1: Current Rates in the U.S.
- 5.21.1.2: Risk Factors/Protective Factors
- 5.21.1.3: Public Health Response
- 5.21.2: Diabetes
- 5.21.2.1: Current Rates in the U.S.
- 5.21.2.2: Risk Factors/Protective Factors
- 5.21.2.3: Public Health Response
- 5.21.3: Cancers
- 5.21.3.1: Current Rates in the U.S.
- 5.21.3.2: Risk Factors/Protective Factors
- 5.21.3.3: Public Health Response
- 5.21.4: Chronic Lower Respiratory Diseases
- 5.21.4.1: Current Rates in the U.S.
- 5.21.4.2: Risk Factors/Protective Factors
- 5.21.4.3: Public Health Response