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- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Medicine/Foundations_of_Epidemiology_(Bovbjerg)/01%3A_Chapters/1.08%3A_Effect_ModificationTo the extent that 51-year-olds are not like 70-year-olds, we might miss some important nuances in the results, possibly because there exists in the data further effect modification with more categori...To the extent that 51-year-olds are not like 70-year-olds, we might miss some important nuances in the results, possibly because there exists in the data further effect modification with more categories (which would drop the power to almost nothing, were we to report separately on additional strata) or “residual” confounding as discussed in the previous chapter.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Medicine/Foundations_of_Epidemiology_(Bovbjerg)/02%3A_Appendix/2.01%3A_How_to_Read_an_Epidemiologic_StudyWhat is the study design (including design-specific relevant details, such as how participants were randomized, if it’s a randomized controlled trial) Occasionally, if a study has been done using a we...What is the study design (including design-specific relevant details, such as how participants were randomized, if it’s a randomized controlled trial) Occasionally, if a study has been done using a well-known dataset (e.g., the NHANES data—see Chapter 3), the methods section will just direct the reader to other publications in which these methods are described in detail, rather than re-printing all of the information
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Medicine/Foundations_of_Epidemiology_(Bovbjerg)/00%3A_Front_Matter/03%3A_About_the_AuthorShe then worked as a clinical research coordinator at the UVa Medical Center for several years before beginning her doctoral training in epidemiology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill...She then worked as a clinical research coordinator at the UVa Medical Center for several years before beginning her doctoral training in epidemiology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She has published numerous peer-reviewed articles, including the 2016 Article of the Year in the Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health (on waterbirth) and a recent methods paper questioning the utility of Apgar scores in research, published in the American Journal of Epidemiology.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Medicine/Foundations_of_Epidemiology_(Bovbjerg)Foundations of Epidemiology is an open access, introductory epidemiology text intended for students and practitioners in public or allied health fields. It covers epidemiologic thinking, causality, in...Foundations of Epidemiology is an open access, introductory epidemiology text intended for students and practitioners in public or allied health fields. It covers epidemiologic thinking, causality, incidence and prevalence, public health surveillance, epidemiologic study designs and why we care about which one is used, measures of association, random error and bias, confounding and effect modification, and screening.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Medicine/Foundations_of_Epidemiology_(Bovbjerg)/00%3A_Front_Matter/05%3A_AcknowledgementsI received further useful feedback from Lindsay Miller, Alicia Bublitz, Leanne Cusack, Kylee Barnes, Julia Drizin, Wafa Hetany, Kindra McQuillan, Colin Mulligan, Michael Murphy, Christopher Skypeck, a...I received further useful feedback from Lindsay Miller, Alicia Bublitz, Leanne Cusack, Kylee Barnes, Julia Drizin, Wafa Hetany, Kindra McQuillan, Colin Mulligan, Michael Murphy, Christopher Skypeck, and Justin Ter Har. I would also like to thank Oregon State Ecampus and the Open Educational Resources unit for their support, including Andrea Fennimore, who helped with layout and formatting, and Daniel Adams, who helped with illustration design.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Medicine/Foundations_of_Epidemiology_(Bovbjerg)/01%3A_Chapters/1.05%3A_Random_ErrorThe size of a p-value depends on 3 things: the sample size, the effect size (it is easier to reject the null hypothesis if the true difference in height—were we to measure everyone in the population, ...The size of a p-value depends on 3 things: the sample size, the effect size (it is easier to reject the null hypothesis if the true difference in height—were we to measure everyone in the population, rather than only our sample—is 6 inches rather than 2 inches), and the consistency of the data, most commonly measured by the standard deviations around the mean heights in the 2 groups.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Medicine/Foundations_of_Epidemiology_(Bovbjerg)/01%3A_Chapters/1.10%3A_Causality_and_Causal_Thinking_in_EpidemiologyExamples of such methods include propensity score matching (which allows matching on dozens of variables at once, a feat that is not possible with conventional matching protocols) and inverse probabil...Examples of such methods include propensity score matching (which allows matching on dozens of variables at once, a feat that is not possible with conventional matching protocols) and inverse probability weighting (in which each “type” of observed participant—underweight, 80-year-old Black women with hypertension, perhaps—contributes to the final analysis according to how common that type of person is in the dataset and the target population).
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Medicine/Foundations_of_Epidemiology_(Bovbjerg)/01%3A_Chapters/1.04%3A_Introduction_to_2_x_2_Tables_Epidemiologic_Study_Design_and_Measures_of_AssociationThis is the type of study required by the Food and Drug Administration for approval of new drugs: half of the participants in the study are randomly assigned to the new drug and half to the old drug (...This is the type of study required by the Food and Drug Administration for approval of new drugs: half of the participants in the study are randomly assigned to the new drug and half to the old drug (or to a placebo, if the drug is intended to treat something previously untreatable).
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Medicine/Foundations_of_Epidemiology_(Bovbjerg)/01%3A_Chapters/1.09%3A_Study_Designs_RevisitedOften, this is not the case for a given body of literature—in which case, the authors will systematically examine all the evidence and do their best to come up with “an” answer, taking into considerat...Often, this is not the case for a given body of literature—in which case, the authors will systematically examine all the evidence and do their best to come up with “an” answer, taking into consideration the quality of individual studies, the overall pattern of results, and so on.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Medicine/Foundations_of_Epidemiology_(Bovbjerg)/01%3A_Chapters/1.06%3A_BiasFor example, if we were studying physical activity, and in our main analysis decided that anyone meeting the guidelines was “active” and all other people in the study were “sedentary,” then one sensit...For example, if we were studying physical activity, and in our main analysis decided that anyone meeting the guidelines was “active” and all other people in the study were “sedentary,” then one sensitivity analysis might change this cutoff point (perhaps now we declare that anyone accumulating 2 or more hours per week of exercise is “active,” even though this is less than the guidelines suggest) and see what the new estimate of association is.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Medicine/Foundations_of_Epidemiology_(Bovbjerg)/01%3A_Chapters/1.07%3A_ConfoundingThe confounder (age) still causes the outcome (birth defects), but by forcing the confounder distribution to be the same between cases and controls, we have negated criterion #2, and thus negated the ...The confounder (age) still causes the outcome (birth defects), but by forcing the confounder distribution to be the same between cases and controls, we have negated criterion #2, and thus negated the possible effect of the confounder on the exposure/outcome measure of association.
