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Key Terms Chapter 09: Joints

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    62660
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    abduction
    movement in the coronal plane that moves a limb laterally away from the body; spreading of the fingers
    acetabular labrum
    lip of fibrocartilage that surrounds outer margin of the acetabulum on the hip bone
    adduction
    movement in the coronal plane that moves a limb medially toward or across the midline of the body; bringing fingers together
    amphiarthrosis
    slightly mobile joint
    annular ligament
    intrinsic ligament of the elbow articular capsule that surrounds and supports the head of the radius at the proximal radioulnar joint
    anterior cruciate ligament
    intracapsular ligament of the knee; extends from anterior, superior surface of the tibia to the inner aspect of the lateral condyle of the femur; resists hyperextension of knee
    anterior talofibular ligament
    intrinsic ligament located on the lateral side of the ankle joint, between talus bone and lateral malleolus of fibula; supports talus at the talocrural joint and resists excess inversion of the foot
    articular capsule
    connective tissue structure that encloses the joint cavity of a synovial joint
    articular cartilage
    thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the articulating surfaces of bones at a synovial joint
    articular disc
    meniscus; a fibrocartilage structure found between the bones of some synovial joints; provides padding or smooths movements between the bones; strongly unites the bones together
    articulation
    joint of the body
    atlanto-occipital joint
    articulation between the occipital condyles of the skull and the superior articular processes of the atlas (C1 vertebra)
    atlantoaxial joint
    series of three articulations between the atlas (C1) vertebra and the axis (C2) vertebra, consisting of the joints between the inferior articular processes of C1 and the superior articular processes of C2, and the articulation between the dens of C2 and the anterior arch of C1
    ball-and-socket joint
    synovial joint formed between the spherical end of one bone (the ball) that fits into the depression of a second bone (the socket); found at the hip and shoulder joints; functionally classified as a multiaxial joint
    biaxial joint
    type of diarthrosis; a joint that allows for movements within two planes (two axes)
    bursa
    connective tissue sac containing lubricating fluid that prevents friction between adjacent structures, such as skin and bone, tendons and bone, or between muscles
    calcaneofibular ligament
    intrinsic ligament located on the lateral side of the ankle joint, between the calcaneus bone and lateral malleolus of the fibula; supports the talus bone at the ankle joint and resists excess inversion of the foot
    cartilaginous joint
    joint at which the bones are united by hyaline cartilage (synchondrosis) or fibrocartilage (symphysis)
    circumduction
    circular motion of the arm, thigh, hand, thumb, or finger that is produced by the sequential combination of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction
    condyloid joint
    synovial joint in which the shallow depression at the end of one bone receives a rounded end from a second bone or a rounded structure formed by two bones; found at the metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers or the radiocarpal joint of the wrist; functionally classified as a biaxial joint
    coracohumeral ligament
    intrinsic ligament of the shoulder joint; runs from the coracoid process of the scapula to the anterior humerus
    deltoid ligament
    broad intrinsic ligament located on the medial side of the ankle joint; supports the talus at the talocrural joint and resists excess eversion of the foot
    depression
    downward (inferior) motion of the scapula or mandible
    diarthrosis
    freely mobile joint
    dorsiflexion
    movement at the ankle that brings the top of the foot toward the anterior leg
    elbow joint
    humeroulnar joint
    elevation
    upward (superior) motion of the scapula or mandible
    eversion
    foot movement involving the intertarsal joints of the foot in which the bottom of the foot is turned laterally, away from the midline
    extension
    movement in the sagittal plane that increases the angle of a joint (straightens the joint); motion involving posterior bending of the vertebral column or returning to the upright position from a flexed position
    extrinsic ligament
    ligament located outside of the articular capsule of a synovial joint
    femoropatellar joint
    portion of the knee joint consisting of the articulation between the distal femur and the patella
    fibrous joint
    joint where the articulating areas of the adjacent bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue
    fibular collateral ligament
    extrinsic ligament of the knee joint that spans from the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the head of the fibula; resists hyperextension and rotation of the extended knee
    flexion
    movement in the sagittal plane that decreases the angle of a joint (bends the joint); motion involving anterior bending of the vertebral column
    fontanelles
    expanded areas of fibrous connective tissue that separate the braincase bones of the skull prior to birth and during the first year after birth
    glenohumeral joint
    shoulder joint; articulation between the glenoid cavity of the scapula and head of the humerus; multiaxial ball-and-socket joint that allows for flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction, and medial/lateral rotation of the humerus
    glenohumeral ligament
    one of the three intrinsic ligaments of the shoulder joint that strengthen the anterior articular capsule
    glenoid labrum
    lip of fibrocartilage located around the outside margin of the glenoid cavity of the scapula
    gomphosis
    type of fibrous joint in which the root of a tooth is anchored into its bony jaw socket by strong periodontal ligaments
    hinge joint
    synovial joint at which the convex surface of one bone articulates with the concave surface of a second bone; includes the elbow, knee, ankle, and interphalangeal joints; functionally classified as a uniaxial joint
    humeroradial joint
    articulation between the capitulum of the humerus and head of the radius
    humeroulnar joint
    articulation between the trochlea of humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna; uniaxial hinge joint that allows for flexion/extension of the forearm
    hyperextension
    excessive extension of joint, beyond the normal range of movement
    hyperflexion
    excessive flexion of joint, beyond the normal range of movement
    iliofemoral ligament
    intrinsic ligament spanning from the ilium of the hip bone to the femur, on the superior-anterior aspect of the hip joint
    inferior rotation
    movement of the scapula during upper limb adduction in which the glenoid cavity of the scapula moves in a downward direction as the medial end of the scapular spine moves in an upward direction
    interosseous membrane
    wide sheet of fibrous connective tissue that fills the gap between two parallel bones, forming a syndesmosis; found between the radius and ulna of the forearm and between the tibia and fibula of the leg
    intracapsular ligament
    ligament that is located within the articular capsule of a synovial joint
    intrinsic ligament
    ligament that is fused to or incorporated into the wall of the articular capsule of a synovial joint
    inversion
    foot movement involving the intertarsal joints of the foot in which the bottom of the foot is turned toward the midline
    ischiofemoral ligament
    intrinsic ligament spanning from the ischium of the hip bone to the femur, on the posterior aspect of the hip joint
    joint
    site at which two or more bones or bone and cartilage come together (articulate)
    joint cavity
    space enclosed by the articular capsule of a synovial joint that is filled with synovial fluid and contains the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones
    joint interzone
    site within a growing embryonic limb bud that will become a synovial joint
    lateral (external) rotation
    movement of the arm at the shoulder joint or the thigh at the hip joint that moves the anterior surface of the limb away from the midline of the body
    lateral excursion
    side-to-side movement of the mandible away from the midline, toward either the right or left side
    lateral flexion
    bending of the neck or body toward the right or left side
    lateral meniscus
    C-shaped fibrocartilage articular disc located at the knee, between the lateral condyle of the femur and the lateral condyle of the tibia
    lateral tibiofemoral joint
    portion of the knee consisting of the articulation between the lateral condyle of the tibia and the lateral condyle of the femur; allows for flexion/extension at the knee
    ligament
    strong band of dense connective tissue spanning between bones
    ligament of the head of the femur
    intracapsular ligament that runs from the acetabulum of the hip bone to the head of the femur
    medial (internal) rotation
    movement of the arm at the shoulder joint or the thigh at the hip joint that brings the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of the body
    medial excursion
    side-to-side movement that returns the mandible to the midline
    medial meniscus
    C-shaped fibrocartilage articular disc located at the knee, between the medial condyle of the femur and medial condyle of the tibia
    medial tibiofemoral joint
    portion of the knee consisting of the articulation between the medial condyle of the tibia and the medial condyle of the femur; allows for flexion/extension at the knee
    meniscus
    articular disc
    multiaxial joint
    type of diarthrosis; a joint that allows for movements within three planes (three axes)
    opposition
    thumb movement that brings the tip of the thumb in contact with the tip of a finger
    patellar ligament
    ligament spanning from the patella to the anterior tibia; serves as the final attachment for the quadriceps femoris muscle
    periodontal ligament
    band of dense connective tissue that anchors the root of a tooth into the bony jaw socket
    pivot joint
    synovial joint at which the rounded portion of a bone rotates within a ring formed by a ligament and an articulating bone; functionally classified as uniaxial joint
    plane joint
    synovial joint formed between the flattened articulating surfaces of adjacent bones; functionally classified as a multiaxial joint
    plantar flexion
    foot movement at the ankle in which the heel is lifted off of the ground
    posterior cruciate ligament
    intracapsular ligament of the knee; extends from the posterior, superior surface of the tibia to the inner aspect of the medial condyle of the femur; prevents anterior displacement of the femur when the knee is flexed and weight bearing
    posterior talofibular ligament
    intrinsic ligament located on the lateral side of the ankle joint, between the talus bone and lateral malleolus of the fibula; supports the talus at the talocrural joint and resists excess inversion of the foot
    pronated position
    forearm position in which the palm faces backward
    pronation
    forearm motion that moves the palm of the hand from the palm forward to the palm backward position
    protraction
    anterior motion of the scapula or mandible
    proximal radioulnar joint
    articulation between head of radius and radial notch of ulna; uniaxial pivot joint that allows for rotation of radius during pronation/supination of forearm
    pubofemoral ligament
    intrinsic ligament spanning from the pubis of the hip bone to the femur, on the anterior-inferior aspect of the hip joint
    radial collateral ligament
    intrinsic ligament on the lateral side of the elbow joint; runs from the lateral epicondyle of humerus to merge with the annular ligament
    reposition
    movement of the thumb from opposition back to the anatomical position (next to index finger)
    retraction
    posterior motion of the scapula or mandible
    rotation
    movement of a bone around a central axis (atlantoaxial joint) or around its long axis (proximal radioulnar joint; shoulder or hip joint); twisting of the vertebral column resulting from the summation of small motions between adjacent vertebrae
    rotator cuff
    strong connective tissue structure formed by the fusion of four rotator cuff muscle tendons to the articular capsule of the shoulder joint; surrounds and supports superior, anterior, lateral, and posterior sides of the humeral head
    saddle joint
    synovial joint in which the articulating ends of both bones are convex and concave in shape, such as at the first carpometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb; functionally classified as a biaxial joint
    subacromial bursa
    bursa that protects the supraspinatus muscle tendon and superior end of the humerus from rubbing against the acromion of the scapula
    subcutaneous bursa
    bursa that prevents friction between skin and an underlying bone
    submuscular bursa
    bursa that prevents friction between bone and a muscle or between adjacent muscles
    subscapular bursa
    bursa that prevents rubbing of the subscapularis muscle tendon against the scapula
    subtalar joint
    articulation between the talus and calcaneus bones of the foot; allows motions that contribute to inversion/eversion of the foot
    subtendinous bursa
    bursa that prevents friction between bone and a muscle tendon
    superior rotation
    movement of the scapula during upper limb abduction in which the glenoid cavity of the scapula moves in an upward direction as the medial end of the scapular spine moves in a downward direction
    supinated position
    forearm position in which the palm faces anteriorly (anatomical position)
    supination
    forearm motion that moves the palm of the hand from the palm backward to the palm forward position
    suture
    fibrous joint that connects the bones of the skull (except the mandible); an immobile joint (synarthrosis)
    symphysis
    type of cartilaginous joint where the bones are joined by fibrocartilage
    synarthrosis
    immobile or nearly immobile joint
    synchondrosis
    type of cartilaginous joint where the bones are joined by hyaline cartilage
    syndesmosis
    type of fibrous joint in which two separated, parallel bones are connected by an interosseous membrane
    synostosis
    site at which adjacent bones or bony components have fused together
    synovial fluid
    thick, lubricating fluid that fills the interior of a synovial joint
    synovial joint
    joint at which the articulating surfaces of the bones are located within a joint cavity formed by an articular capsule
    synovial membrane
    thin layer that lines the inner surface of the joint cavity at a synovial joint; produces the synovial fluid
    talocrural joint
    ankle joint; articulation between the talus bone of the foot and medial malleolus of the tibia, distal tibia, and lateral malleolus of the fibula; a uniaxial hinge joint that allows only for dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the foot
    temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
    articulation between the condyle of the mandible and the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone of the skull; allows for depression/elevation (opening/closing of mouth), protraction/retraction, and side-to-side motions of the mandible
    tendon
    dense connective tissue structure that anchors a muscle to bone
    tendon sheath
    connective tissue that surrounds a tendon at places where the tendon crosses a joint; contains a lubricating fluid to prevent friction and allow smooth movements of the tendon
    tibial collateral ligament
    extrinsic ligament of knee joint that spans from the medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial tibia; resists hyperextension and rotation of extended knee
    ulnar collateral ligament
    intrinsic ligament on the medial side of the elbow joint; spans from the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the medial ulna
    uniaxial joint
    type of diarthrosis; joint that allows for motion within only one plane (one axis)
    zygapophysial joints
    facet joints; plane joints between the superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae
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