18.8: Key Terms
- Page ID
- 69320
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Eg. "Genetic, Hereditary, DNA ...") | (Eg. "Relating to genes or heredity") |  | The infamous double helix | https://bio.libretexts.org/ | CC-BY-SA; Delmar Larsen |
| Word(s) | Definition | Image | Caption | Link | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ABO blood group | blood-type classification based on the presence or absence of A and B glycoproteins on the erythrocyte membrane surface | ||||
| agglutination | clustering of cells into masses linked by antibodies | ||||
| agranular leukocytes | leukocytes with few granules in their cytoplasm; specifically, monocytes, lymphocytes, and NK cells | ||||
| albumin | most abundant plasma protein, accounting for most of the osmotic pressure of plasma | ||||
| anemia | deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin | ||||
| antibodies | (also, immunoglobulins or gamma globulins) antigen-specific proteins produced by specialized B lymphocytes that protect the body by binding to foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses | ||||
| anticoagulant | substance such as heparin that opposes coagulation | ||||
| antithrombin | anticoagulant that inactivates factor X and opposes the conversion of prothrombin (factor II) into thrombin in the common pathway | ||||
| B lymphocytes | (also, B cells) lymphocytes that defend the body against specific pathogens and thereby provide specific immunity | ||||
| basophils | granulocytes that stain with a basic (alkaline) stain and store histamine and heparin | ||||
| bilirubin | yellowish bile pigment produced when iron is removed from heme and is further broken down into waste products | ||||
| biliverdin | green bile pigment produced when the non-iron portion of heme is degraded into a waste product; converted to bilirubin in the liver | ||||
| blood | liquid connective tissue composed of formed elements—erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets—and a fluid extracellular matrix called plasma; component of the cardiovascular system | ||||
| bone marrow biopsy | diagnostic test of a sample of red bone marrow | ||||
| bone marrow transplant | treatment in which a donor’s healthy bone marrow with its stem cells replaces diseased or damaged bone marrow of a patient | ||||
| bruise | localized bleeding under the skin due to damaged blood vessels | ||||
| buffy coat | thin, pale layer of leukocytes and platelets that separates the erythrocytes from the plasma in a sample of centrifuged blood | ||||
| carbaminohemoglobin | compound of carbon dioxide and hemoglobin, and one of the ways in which carbon dioxide is carried in the blood | ||||
| clotting factors | group of 12 identified substances active in coagulation | ||||
| coagulation | formation of a blood clot; part of the process of hemostasis | ||||
| colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) | glycoproteins that trigger the proliferation and differentiation of myeloblasts into granular leukocytes (basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils) | ||||
| common pathway | final coagulation pathway activated either by the intrinsic or the extrinsic pathway, and ending in the formation of a blood clot | ||||
| cross matching | blood test for identification of blood type using antibodies and small samples of blood | ||||
| cytokines | class of proteins that act as autocrine or paracrine signaling molecules; in the cardiovascular system, they stimulate the proliferation of progenitor cells and help to stimulate both nonspecific and specific resistance to disease | ||||
| defensins | antimicrobial proteins released from neutrophils and macrophages that create openings in the plasma membranes to kill cells | ||||
| deoxyhemoglobin | molecule of hemoglobin without an oxygen molecule bound to it | ||||
| diapedesis | (also, emigration) process by which leukocytes squeeze through adjacent cells in a blood vessel wall to enter tissues | ||||
| embolus | thrombus that has broken free from the blood vessel wall and entered the circulation | ||||
| emigration | (also, diapedesis) process by which leukocytes squeeze through adjacent cells in a blood vessel wall to enter tissues | ||||
| eosinophils | granulocytes that stain with eosin; they release antihistamines and are especially active against parasitic worms | ||||
| erythrocyte | (also, red blood cell) mature myeloid blood cell that is composed mostly of hemoglobin and functions primarily in the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide | ||||
| erythropoietin (EPO) | glycoprotein that triggers the bone marrow to produce RBCs; secreted by the kidney in response to low oxygen levels | ||||
| extrinsic pathway | initial coagulation pathway that begins with tissue damage and results in the activation of the common pathway | ||||
| ferritin | protein-containing storage form of iron found in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen | ||||
| fibrin | insoluble, filamentous protein that forms the structure of a blood clot | ||||
| fibrinogen | plasma protein produced in the liver and involved in blood clotting | ||||
| fibrinolysis | gradual degradation of a blood clot | ||||
| formed elements | cellular components of blood; that is, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets | ||||
| globin | heme-containing globular protein that is a constituent of hemoglobin | ||||
| globulins | heterogeneous group of plasma proteins that includes transport proteins, clotting factors, immune proteins, and others | ||||
| granular leukocytes | leukocytes with abundant granules in their cytoplasm; specifically, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils | ||||
| hematocrit | (also, packed cell volume) volume percentage of erythrocytes in a sample of centrifuged blood | ||||
| hematopoietic stem cell | type of pluripotent stem cell that gives rise to the formed elements of blood (hemocytoblast) | ||||
| heme | red, iron-containing pigment to which oxygen binds in hemoglobin | ||||
| hemocytoblast | hematopoietic stem cell that gives rise to the formed elements of blood | ||||
| hemoglobin | oxygen-carrying compound in erythrocytes | ||||
| hemolysis | destruction (lysis) of erythrocytes and the release of their hemoglobin into circulation | ||||
| hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) | (also, erythroblastosis fetalis) disorder causing agglutination and hemolysis in an Rh+ fetus or newborn of an Rh− person | ||||
| hemophilia | genetic disorder characterized by inadequate synthesis of clotting factors | ||||
| hemopoiesis | production of the formed elements of blood | ||||
| hemopoietic growth factors | chemical signals including erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, colony-stimulating factors, and interleukins that regulate the differentiation and proliferation of particular blood progenitor cells | ||||
| hemorrhage | excessive bleeding | ||||
| hemosiderin | protein-containing storage form of iron found in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen | ||||
| hemostasis | physiological process by which bleeding ceases | ||||
| heparin | short-acting anticoagulant stored in mast cells and released when tissues are injured, opposes prothrombin | ||||
| hypoxemia | below-normal level of oxygen saturation of blood (typically <95 percent) | ||||
| immunoglobulins | (also, antibodies or gamma globulins) antigen-specific proteins produced by specialized B lymphocytes that protect the body by binding to foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses | ||||
| interleukins | signaling molecules that may function in hemopoiesis, inflammation, and specific immune responses | ||||
| intrinsic pathway | initial coagulation pathway that begins with vascular damage or contact with foreign substances, and results in the activation of the common pathway | ||||
| jaundice | yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes due to excess bilirubin in the blood | ||||
| leukemia | cancer involving leukocytes | ||||
| leukocyte | (also, white blood cell) colorless, nucleated blood cell, the chief function of which is to protect the body from disease | ||||
| leukocytosis | excessive leukocyte proliferation | ||||
| leukopenia | below-normal production of leukocytes | ||||
| lymphocytes | agranular leukocytes of the lymphoid stem cell line, many of which function in specific immunity | ||||
| lymphoid stem cells | type of hematopoietic stem cells that gives rise to lymphocytes, including various T cells, B cells, and NK cells, all of which function in immunity | ||||
| lymphoma | form of cancer in which masses of malignant T and/or B lymphocytes collect in lymph nodes, the spleen, the liver, and other tissues | ||||
| lysozyme | digestive enzyme with bactericidal properties | ||||
| macrophage | phagocytic cell of the myeloid lineage; a matured monocyte | ||||
| megakaryocyte | bone marrow cell that produces platelets | ||||
| memory cell | type of B or T lymphocyte that forms after exposure to a pathogen | ||||
| monocytes | agranular leukocytes of the myeloid stem cell line that circulate in the bloodstream; tissue monocytes are macrophages | ||||
| myeloid stem cells | type of hematopoietic stem cell that gives rise to some formed elements, including erythrocytes, megakaryocytes that produce platelets, and a myeloblast lineage that gives rise to monocytes and three forms of granular leukocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) | ||||
| natural killer (NK) cells | cytotoxic lymphocytes capable of recognizing cells that do not express “self” proteins on their plasma membrane or that contain foreign or abnormal markers; provide generalized, nonspecific immunity | ||||
| neutrophils | granulocytes that stain with a neutral dye and are the most numerous of the leukocytes; especially active against bacteria | ||||
| oxyhemoglobin | molecule of hemoglobin to which oxygen is bound | ||||
| packed cell volume (PCV) | (also, hematocrit) volume percentage of erythrocytes present in a sample of centrifuged blood | ||||
| plasma | in blood, the liquid extracellular matrix composed mostly of water that circulates the formed elements and dissolved materials throughout the cardiovascular system | ||||
| plasmin | blood protein active in fibrinolysis | ||||
| platelet plug | accumulation and adhesion of platelets at the site of blood vessel injury | ||||
| platelets | (also, thrombocytes) one of the formed elements of blood that consists of cell fragments broken off from megakaryocytes | ||||
| pluripotent stem cell | stem cell that derives from totipotent stem cells and is capable of differentiating into many, but not all, cell types | ||||
| polycythemia | elevated level of hemoglobin, whether adaptive or pathological | ||||
| polymorphonuclear | having a lobed nucleus, as seen in some leukocytes | ||||
| positive chemotaxis | process in which a cell is attracted to move in the direction of chemical stimuli | ||||
| red blood cells (RBCs) | (also, erythrocytes) one of the formed elements of blood that transports oxygen | ||||
| reticulocyte | immature erythrocyte that may still contain fragments of organelles | ||||
| Rh blood group | blood-type classification based on the presence or absence of the antigen Rh on the erythrocyte membrane surface | ||||
| serum | blood plasma that does not contain clotting factors | ||||
| sickle cell disease | (also, sickle cell anemia) inherited blood disorder in which hemoglobin molecules are malformed, leading to the breakdown of RBCs that take on a characteristic sickle shape | ||||
| T lymphocytes | (also, T cells) lymphocytes that provide cellular-level immunity by physically attacking foreign or diseased cells | ||||
| thalassemia | inherited blood disorder in which maturation of RBCs does not proceed normally, leading to abnormal formation of hemoglobin and the destruction of RBCs | ||||
| thrombin | enzyme essential for the final steps in formation of a fibrin clot | ||||
| thrombocytes | platelets, one of the formed elements of blood that consists of cell fragments broken off from megakaryocytes | ||||
| thrombocytopenia | condition in which there are too few platelets, resulting in abnormal bleeding (hemophilia) | ||||
| thrombocytosis | condition in which there are too many platelets, resulting in abnormal clotting (thrombosis) | ||||
| thrombopoietin | hormone secreted by the liver and kidneys that prompts the development of megakaryocytes into thrombocytes (platelets) | ||||
| thrombosis | excessive clot formation | ||||
| thrombus | aggregation of fibrin, platelets, and erythrocytes in an intact artery or vein | ||||
| tissue factor | protein thromboplastin, which initiates the extrinsic pathway when released in response to tissue damage | ||||
| totipotent stem cell | embryonic stem cell that is capable of differentiating into any and all cells of the body; enabling the full development of an organism | ||||
| transferrin | plasma protein that binds reversibly to iron and distributes it throughout the body | ||||
| universal donor | individual with type O− blood | ||||
| universal recipient | individual with type AB+ blood | ||||
| vascular spasm | initial step in hemostasis, in which the smooth muscle in the walls of the ruptured or damaged blood vessel contracts | ||||
| white blood cells (WBCs) | (also, leukocytes) one of the formed elements of blood that provides defense against disease agents and foreign materials |