26.10: Review Questions
- Page ID
- 69432
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Solute contributes to the movement of water between cells and the surrounding medium by ________.
- osmotic pressure
- hydrostatic pressure
- Brownian movement
- random motion
A cation has a(n) ________ charge.
- neutral
- positive
- alternating
- negative
Interstitial fluid (IF) is ________.
- the fluid in the cytosol of the cells
- the fluid component of blood
- the fluid that bathes all of the body’s cells except for blood cells
- the intracellular fluids found between membranes
The largest amount of water comes into the body via ________.
- metabolism
- foods
- liquids
- humidified air
The largest amount of water leaves the body via ________.
- the GI tract
- the skin as sweat
- expiration
- urine
Insensible water loss is water lost via ________.
- skin evaporation and in air from the lungs
- urine
- excessive sweating
- vomiting or diarrhea
How soon after drinking a large glass of water will a person start increasing their urine output?
- 5 minutes
- 30 minutes
- 1 hour
- 3 hours
Bone serves as a mineral reserve for which two ions?
- sodium and potassium
- calcium and phosphate
- chloride and bicarbonate
- calcium and bicarbonate
Electrolytes are lost mostly through ________.
- renal function
- sweating
- feces
- respiration
The major cation in extracellular fluid is ________.
- sodium
- potassium
- chloride
- bicarbonate
The major cation in intracellular fluid is ________.
- sodium
- potassium
- chloride
- bicarbonate
The major anion in extracellular fluid is ________.
- sodium
- potassium
- chloride
- bicarbonate
Most of the body’s calcium is found in ________.
- teeth
- bone
- plasma
- extracellular fluids
Abnormally increased blood levels of sodium are termed ________.
- hyperkalemia
- hyperchloremia
- hypernatremia
- hypercalcemia
The ion with the lowest blood level is ________.
- sodium
- potassium
- chloride
- bicarbonate
Which two ions are most affected by aldosterone?
- sodium and potassium
- chloride and bicarbonate
- calcium and phosphate
- sodium and phosphate
Which of the following is the most important buffer inside red blood cells?
- plasma proteins
- hemoglobin
- phosphate buffers
- bicarbonate: carbonic acid buffer
Which explanation best describes why plasma proteins can function as buffers?
- Plasma proteins combine with bicarbonate to make a stronger buffer.
- Plasma proteins are immune to damage from acids.
- Proteins have both positive and negative charges on their surface.
- Proteins are alkaline.
The buffer that is adjusted to control acid-base balance is ________.
- plasma protein
- hemoglobin
- phosphate buffer
- bicarbonate: carbonic acid buffer
Carbonic acid levels are controlled through the ________.
- respiratory system
- renal system
- digestive system
- metabolic rate of cells
Bicarbonate ion concentrations in the blood are controlled through the ________.
- respiratory system
- renal system
- digestive system
- metabolic rate of cells
Which reaction is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase?
Which of the following is a cause of metabolic acidosis?
- excessive HCl loss
- increased aldosterone
- diarrhea
- prolonged use of diuretics
Which of the following is a cause of respiratory acidosis?
- emphysema
- low blood K+
- increased aldosterone
- increased blood ketones
At a pH of 7.40, the carbonic acid ratio is ________.
- 35:1
- 4:1
- 20:1
- 3:1
Which of the following is characterized as metabolic alkalosis?
- increased pH, decreased pCO2, decreased HCO3–
- increased pH, increased pCO2, increased HCO3–
- decreased pH, decreased pCO2, decreased HCO3–
- decreased pH, increased pCO2, increased HCO3–