11: Gas Exchange, Airway Management, and Respiratory System Disorders
- Page ID
- 111154
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- 11.0: Introduction
- Adequate lung function is critical for effective gas exchange, which can be affected by acute and chronic respiratory conditions. The body attempts to compensate when changes occur due to illness or injury, but problematic symptoms might require urgent intervention. Understanding respiratory system disorders, oxygenation, and perfusion is crucial for effective nursing care. Nursing assessment allows for close monitoring of respiratory issues in patients.
- 11.1: Concepts of Oxygenation and Perfusion
- This page discusses the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system, including the functions of oxygenation, ventilation, and perfusion. It explains how the respiratory system provides oxygen to the body, removes carbon dioxide, and maintains acid-base balance. Key structures involved include the conducting zone (nose, pharynx, trachea) and respiratory zone (alveoli).
- 11.2: Upper and Lower Respiratory Assessment
- This page discusses respiratory assessments, emphasizing the components of upper and lower airway assessments. It outlines the importance of monitoring vital signs and respiratory efforts, and highlights subjective questions to gather patient information about respiratory symptoms. The page describes the process of assessing signs like breathing patterns, lung sounds, and chest condition.
- 11.3: Disorders of the Upper Respiratory System- Bronchiectasis
- This section provides detailed information on bronchiectasis, a chronic lung condition characterized by widened and damaged airways, affecting around 350,000 to 500,000 adults in the U.S. It covers the pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostics, and nursing care including assessment, symptom management, prevention of complications, teamwork for complex cases, and evaluation of care efficacy.
- 11.4: Disorders of the Lower Respiratory System- Asthma
- This page provides comprehensive information on asthma, including its pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, and the impact of racial and ethnic disparities. It outlines the process for diagnosing asthma, including the use of pulmonary function testing and spirometry, and discusses the nursing care involved in treating patients with asthma.
- 11.5: Disorders of the Lower Respiratory System- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- This section provides an in-depth overview of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), detailing its pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostics, and nursing care. COPD is characterized by airway inflammation, commonly linked to smoking, with notable symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath, and mucous production.
- 11.6: Disorders of the Lower Respiratory System- Pneumothorax
- This section delves into pneumothorax, discussing its pathophysiology, risk factors, and clinical manifestations. Pneumothorax types include traumatic, primary spontaneous, secondary spontaneous, and iatrogenic, each differentiated by the cause of air entry into the pleural space. It's more common in males, with primary spontaneous cases prevalent in younger adults and secondary spontaneous in older.
- 11.7: Disorders of the Lower Respiratory System- Pneumonia and Aspiration
- This section provides a comprehensive overview of pneumonia and aspiration, including pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostics, nursing care, and medical therapies. It highlights the seriousness of pneumonia as a common illness, discussing the impact on different populations and emphasizing community-acquired pneumonia as a leading cause of mortality. Various pathogens, risk factors, and diagnostic criteria like CURB-65 are detailed.
- 11.8: Disorders of the Lower Respiratory System- Tuberculosis
- This section provides a comprehensive overview of tuberculosis (TB), including its pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. It highlights the global burden of TB, with a high prevalence in regions like India, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia. The section also covers nursing care strategies, the importance of infection prevention, and the efficacy of treatment regimens.
- 11.9: Disorders of the Lower Respiratory System- Cystic Fibrosis
- This section outlines the learning objectives and details about cystic fibrosis (CF), a genetic disease affecting sodium and chloride ion transport across cell membranes, leading to thick mucus accumulation and respiratory issues. It covers pathophysiology, risk factors, symptoms, diagnostics, nursing care, and medical therapies associated with CF.
- 11.11: Summary
- This page covers essential concepts related to oxygenation and perfusion, focusing on the respiratory system's role in oxygenating blood. It describes the structure and function of the respiratory system, factors affecting oxygenation, and perfusion. Various respiratory disorders such as bronchiectasis, asthma, COPD, pneumothorax, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and cystic fibrosis are discussed, along with their symptoms, diagnostic methods, and management.
- 11.14: References
- The page appears to be a collection of references related to pulmonary health, covering topics such as smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary rehabilitation, asthma, occupational lung diseases, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and lung cancer screening. Key organizations like the American Lung Association and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are cited, alongside several medical resources and research articles.