16.9: Key Terms
- Page ID
- 111387
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- ABO system
- categorization of blood into four main types—A, B, AB, and O—based on the different antigens on the surface of red blood cells
- acute hemolytic reaction
- transfusion reaction due to an ABO mismatch, which can lead to serious signs and symptoms, including low blood pressure and shock, hemoglobinuria, nausea, vomiting, pain, chills, and fever
- alcoholic thrombocytopenia
- condition in which excessive alcohol consumption results in decreased platelet count in the blood, leading to decreased clotting mechanisms and increasing the risk for bleeding and bruising
- allergic reaction
- transfusion reaction due to an allergy to one or more proteins present in donor blood; symptoms may range from mild irritation to serious anaphylaxis
- anemia
- medical condition characterized by deficient production of red blood cells or of hemoglobin
- blood transfusion
- medical procedure involving the transfer of blood or its components from one individual (donor) to another individual (recipient)
- bone marrow aspiration
- test to verify the presence of sickle cell anemia by measuring the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow
- coagulation
- process of a liquid (e.g., blood) changing into a semi-solid or solid condition
- complete blood count (CBC)
- measurement of the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in a sample of blood
- D-dimer test
- test that measures a protein in the blood produced after the breakdown of blood clots
- dactylitis
- hand-foot syndrome manifesting as swelling (edema) and pain of the hands and feet during a sickle cell crisis
- deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
- medical condition marked by the formation of blood clots within deep veins in the legs
- delayed hemolytic reaction
- transfusion reaction that happens more than 15 minutes after transfusion, with similar symptoms to other types of reactions
- disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
- acquired disorder that activates the clotting cascade, using up all the clotting factors and resulting in a mix of clotting and bleeding
- embolism
- blood clot that has come loose and can travel through the body
- erythropoiesis
- hemoglobin production
- erythropoietin (EPO)
- hormone made in the kidneys that stimulates bone marrow to produce red blood cells
- factor V Leiden mutation
- disorder caused by a mutation to the F5 gene, which prevents normal production of the factor V needed for clotting
- febrile nonhemolytic reaction
- most prevalent type of transfusion reaction, usually manifesting as an increase of 1° in temperature over baseline
- fibrinolysis
- breaking down of blood clots after they form
- folate-deficiency anemia
- type of anemia in which inadequate levels of the vitamin folate within the body cause low levels of red blood cells and hemoglobin; also called megaloblastic anemia
- hematopoietic system
- body structures responsible for the formation of blood cells
- hemoglobin (Hb)
- protein in red blood cells that is key to the transport of oxygen from the lungs to cells and tissues
- hemoglobin electrophoresis
- test to diagnose sickle cell anemia by distinguishing different forms of hemoglobin to detect the form and characteristics of sickle-shaped red blood cells
- hemoglobin solubility test
- quick screening method to detect sickle hemoglobin by mixing blood with a reducing agent to inactivate hemoglobin and form characteristic crystals
- hemoglobinuria
- breakdown of hemoglobin in the urine
- hemogram
- detailed analysis of a blood sample that examines not only the quantity of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets but also their size, color, and percentage of iron
- hemolysis
- destruction of red blood cells
- hemostasis
- physiological process that prevents and controls bleeding
- heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)
- immune-mediated side effect caused by prolonged use of anticoagulants like heparin
- idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
- autoimmune condition marked by an abrupt and significant drop in platelet count, leading to increased risks of bleeding and anemia; more frequently referred to as immune thrombocytopenia
- international normalized ratio (INR)
- standard measurement of prothrombin time that is used across different laboratories
- intravenous immunoglobulin infusion therapy (IVIG)
- intravenous administration of antibodies collected from multiple donors to maintain a controlled immune response that fights infection without further injuring tissues damaged by idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
- intrinsic factor
- essential protein needed for the absorption of vitamin B12 by the small intestine
- iron chelation therapy
- therapy in which medications bind to excess iron in the bloodstream, creating a compound that can then be expelled from the body through excretion
- iron-deficiency anemia
- anemia due to inadequate levels of iron
- jaundice
- yellowing of the skin and sclera
- mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
- concentration of hemoglobin in a red blood cell
- mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
- average size of red blood cells in a sample
- neutropenia
- medical condition marked by abnormally low levels of neutrophils
- neutrophil
- type of white blood cell that helps fight against bacteria and fungi
- pancytopenia
- reduction in platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells
- partial thromboplastic time (PTT)
- measurement of the time it takes blood to clot, based on the intrinsic clotting cascade
- peripheral blood smear
- test enabling analysis of red blood cell shape and condition for diagnostic purposes
- pernicious anemia
- anemia due to inadequate levels of vitamin B12; also referred to as vitamin B12 malabsorption anemia
- plasmapheresis
- removal, treatment, and return or exchange of blood and blood products
- platelet aggregation
- clumping together of platelets in the blood
- polycythemia
- hematologic condition marked by an abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells
- polycythemia vera
- type of polycythemia that originates from the bone marrow and is caused by a genetic mutation; also called primary polycythemia
- prothrombin G20210A mutation
- disorder caused by a mutation to the prothrombin (F2) gene, which results in higher levels of the clotting factor prothrombin
- prothrombin time (PT)
- measurement of the time it takes for blood to clot, based on extrinsic clotting factors
- pulmonary embolism (PE)
- blood clot from deep vein thrombosis that migrates through the circulatory system and lodges within a pulmonary artery in a lung, blocking off oxygen
- purpura
- large, discolored, purple areas that may be seen throughout the body, due to internal bleeding
- reticulocyte count
- measures the number of young RBCs in a blood sample
- reverse precautions
- measures to avoid introducing additional pathogens to the patient
- secondary polycythemia
- type of polycythemia caused when erythropoietin stimulation occurs as an adaptive reaction to other conditions
- septic reaction
- transfusion reaction resulting from blood products that have been incorrectly stored and thus become contaminated
- sequential compression device (SCD)
- external sleeves that wrap around a patient’s legs and inflate and deflate to promote blood flow
- sickle cell anemia (SCA)
- one of the many types of sickle cell diseases that causes severe anemia
- sickle cell disease
- inherited blood disorder caused by abnormal hemoglobin production that forms red blood cells into crescent-shaped “sickles”
- thalassemia
- group of hereditary blood disorders that affect the hemoglobin genes, leading to decreased erythropoiesis
- therapeutic phlebotomy
- removal of excess red blood cells by reducing overall blood volume
- thrombocytopenia
- hematologic condition characterized by decreased platelets in the bloodstream, significantly impairing the blood’s ability to clot effectively; also called low platelet count syndrome
- thrombopoietin
- protein released by the liver
- thrombotic disorder
- condition that interferes with hemostasis, or blood clotting
- thrombus
- clot that forms inside a blood vessel
- total bilirubin test
- blood test that measures the amount of bilirubin in a patient’s system, indicating liver strain from the accelerated turnover of RBC cells caused by sickle cell anemia
- transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO)
- transfusion reaction that happens when fluid volumes have exceeded expectations; symptoms include shortness of breath, coarse lung sounds, and possible edema formation
- transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI)
- transfusion reaction manifesting as acute respiratory distress syndrome due to an immune response between donor antibodies and antigens in a recipient
- vaso-occlusive crisis
- result of sickle cell anemia caused by constricted blood vessels and hypoxemia; also known as a pain crisis and sickle cell crisis