5.5.1: FRAME 1- Recognize Cues
- Page ID
- 90266
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CORRECT Answer
Question Type: Multiple Response Select All That Apply
Scoring: +/-
NCSBN Item Type and Scoring: https://www.ncsbn.org/public-files/p...main_stage.pdf
Which of the following statements from Khloe’s history are preventative care measures? Select all that apply.
\(\bigcirc \) She attends a daycare center Monday through Friday that integrates a pre-K curriculum
\(\bigcirc \) Khloe and her parents are attending a kindergarten orientation this afternoon at the local public elementary school
\(\bigotimes \) Khloe has had regular scheduled appointments with her pediatrician
\(\bigotimes \) Khloe is up-to-date with recommended immunizations
\(\bigotimes \) Khloe has had dental screening
\(\bigotimes \) Khloe has had fluoride treatments
\(\bigcirc \) Khloe has no allergies or food intolerances
\(\bigcirc \) Khloe has had two ear infections, treated with antibiotics
RATIONALE
Establishing healthy behaviors to prevent chronic disease is easier and more effective during childhood and adolescence than trying to change unhealthy behaviors during adulthood (CDC. 2023). Preventive care is defined as routine health care that includes screenings, check-ups, and patient counseling to prevent illnesses, disease, or other health problems. Khloe participants in health promotion/illness prevention measures as indicated by up-to-date immunizations, regular milestone visits with the pediatrician, and dental screenings.
The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published new immunization guidelines from birth to 6-years-old in 2023. The updated immunization recommendations include Covid-19 vaccination.
Dental caries in early childhood is associated with pain, loss of teeth, impaired growth, decreased weight gain, negative effects on quality of life, poor school performance, and future dental caries. Higher prevalence and severity of dental caries are found among specific racial and ethnic (e.g., Black and Mexican American) populations (Chou et al., 2021). According to the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) social determinants of health associated with increased caries risk include lack of access to dental care, low socioeconomic status, personal and family oral health history, dietary habits (especially frequent intake of dietary sugars in foods and beverages), fluoride exposure, and oral hygiene practices (USPSTF, 2021). The Community Preventive Services Task Force (CPSTF) recommends Fluoridation of community water sources to reduce dental caries and school-based sealant delivery programs to prevent caries in children.
FOCUSED GUIDE
Identifying childhood conditions and other factors that increase the risk for invasive pneumococcal disease include cochlear implants, decreased immune function, diabetes, functional or anatomic asplenia including sickle cell, and chronic heart, lung, liver, or renal disease. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published new immunization guidelines in 2023. The CDC updated immunization guidelines from birth to 6 years old.
The updated immunizations include Covid-19 vaccination. The number of doses recommended depends on the child’s age, and type of Covid-19 vaccine used (CDC, 2023). The CDC immunization document provides helpful information aligning the disease, vaccine, how the disease is spread, disease symptoms and disease complications. Similar information is available on the CDC website for youth ages 7 to 18, ages 19 or older, and for pregnant women.
The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommend that children under 5 years be prescribe oral fluoride supplementation beginning at age 6 months to children whose water supply is deficient in fluoride (<0.6 parts fluoride per million parts water [ppm F]) and apply topical fluoride varnish to the primary teeth in all infants and children once primary teeth erupt. Typically, fluoride varnish is applied with a small brush and is available as 5% sodium fluoride (2.26% fluoride).
The Community Preventive Services Task Force (CPSTF) recommends Fluoridation of community water sources to reduce dental caries and school-based sealant delivery programs to prevent caries in children. Dental sealants are plastic materials that are placed on the back teeth to prevent tooth decay. CPSTF found that these programs increase the number of children ages 5 to 16 years who get sealants at school and that sealants result in a large reduction in tooth decay in this population.
According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommendations for Preventive Pediatric Health Care are designed for the care of children who are receiving nurturing parenting, have no manifestations of any important health problems, and are growing and developing in a satisfactory fashion. Developmental, psychosocial, and chronic disease issues for children and adolescents may require more frequent counseling and treatment visits separate from preventive care visits. The AAP continues to emphasize the great importance of continuity of care in comprehensive health supervision and the need to avoid fragmentation of care. Additional preventive measures include hearing and vision screening, developmental screening, autism spectrum disorder screening, fluoride varnish, fluoride supplementation, and immunizations (AAP, 2023).