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Skin consists of two layers: the thin
epidermis
and under it the thicker
dermis.
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The
Epidermis
is formed by the division of base cells that push those above them towards the surface where they die and are shed.
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Keratin
, a protein, is deposited in the epidermal cells. It makes skin waterproof.
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Various skin structures formed in the epidermis are made of keratin. These include: claws, nails, hoofs, horn, hair and feathers.
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Various
Exocrine Glands
(with ducts) formed in the epidermis include sweat, sebaceous, and mammary glands.
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Melanin
deposited in cells at the base of the epidermis protects deeper cells from the harmful effects of the sun.
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The
Dermis
is composed of loose connective tissue and is well supplied with blood.
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Beneath the dermis is insulating
adipose tissue
.
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Body Temperature is controlled by: sweat, hair erection, dilation and contraction of dermal capillaries and shivering.