5: The Axial and Appendicular Skeleton with Joint Movement
- Page ID
- 124540
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- 5.1: Introduction to the Skeletal System
- This page covers the anatomy of the human skeleton, detailing its 206 bones categorized into the axial and appendicular skeletons. The axial skeleton protects vital organs, while the appendicular skeleton facilitates movement. Key learning objectives include identifying bones in both sections, such as cranial and facial bones and different vertebrae, and demonstrating related body movements.
- 5.2: Microscope Slides - Compact Bone
- This page offers a guide for observing bone structures, especially the osteon, using models and microscopy. It highlights key features such as the central canal, concentric lamella, osteocytes, lacunae, and canaliculi in both compact and spongy bone. Students are advised on microscopy techniques, focusing on 100x magnification, with a possibility of increasing to 400x for finer details. Illustrations assist in identifying these anatomical components.
- 5.3: The Skull
- This page details the composition of the skull, highlighting its division into cranial and facial bones connected by immovable sutures. It lists the 8 cranial bones (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid) and 14 facial bones (including nasal, maxilla, zygomatic, mandible), along with notable features such as the external acoustic meatus, foramen magnum, and teeth. Key sutures (coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, squamous) contribute to the skull's stability.
- 5.4: The Vertebral Column
- This page discusses the vertebral column, which extends from the skull to the pelvis and protects the spinal cord. It consists of 33 vertebrae: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, along with the sacrum and coccyx. Key anatomical features include the body, vertebral foramen, transverse processes, and spinous process. The cervical region contains unique vertebrae like the atlas (C1) and axis (C2), while other regions have their specific vertebrae.
- 5.5: The Thorax
- This page explains the thorax, comprising the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae, which protect thoracic cavity organs. It details the sternum's parts (manubrium, body, xiphoid process) and categorizes ribs into true, false, and floating. Observational demonstrations will enhance comprehension of these structures' arrangement and function.
- 5.6: Bones of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
- This page discusses the pectoral girdle, consisting of the clavicle and scapula, which connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton and serves as a muscle attachment point. It details the upper limb's bones, including the humerus, ulna, radius, and structures within the wrist and hand. Key features include the humerus's head and fossae, the ulna's processes, and the radius's characteristics.
- 5.7: Bones of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
- This page describes the pelvic girdle, consisting of two coxal bones made from the ilium, ischium, and pubis, highlighting key structures like the os coxae and acetabulum. It details the lower limbs, focusing on the femur as the thigh bone, with the tibia and fibula in the leg. Important features include the femur's head and trochanters, as well as the tibial tuberosity and malleoli. The foot's composition includes seven tarsal bones, five metatarsals, and phalanges.
- 5.8: Joint Movement
- This page discusses how muscle contractions facilitate movement by acting on joints and bones. Movements are categorized into three planes: the sagittal plane includes flexion, extension, and hyperextension; the frontal plane covers abduction and adduction; and the transverse plane involves rotation. It also outlines special movements such as dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion, pronation, and supination.
- 5.9: Questions and Review - Skeletal System and Joints
- This page covers the axial skeleton, detailing its components like the skull and vertebral column and outlining parts, major sutures, and bone labeling exercises. It distinguishes between true, false, and floating ribs and includes interactive activities for engagement.