22.18: Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage
- Page ID
- 35137
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Acute inflammation of the muscle cells, as understood in exercise physiology, can result after induced eccentric and concentric muscle training. Participation in eccentric training and conditioning, including resistance training and activities that emphasize eccentric lengthening of the muscle including downhill running on a moderate to high incline can result in considerable soreness within 24 to 48 hours, even though blood lactate levels, previously thought to cause muscle soreness, were much higher with level running. This has been noted especially in marathon runners whose muscle fibers revealed remarkable damage after both training and marathon competition. The onset and timing of this gradient damage to the muscle parallels the degree of muscle soreness experienced by the runners.
This disruption of the muscle fibers triggers white blood cells to increase following the induced muscle soreness, leading to the inflammatory response observation from the induced muscle soreness. Elevations in plasma enzymes, myoglobinemia, and abnormal muscle histology and ultrastructure are concluded to be associated with the inflammatory response. High tension in the contractile-elastic system of muscle results in structural damage to the muscle fiber and plasmalemma and its epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium. The mysium damage disrupts calcium homeostasis in the injured fiber and fiber bundles, resulting in necrosis that peaks about 48 hours after exercise. The products of the macrophage activity and intracellular contents (such as histamines, kinins, and K+) accumulate outside the cells. These substances then stimulate the free nerve endings in the muscle; a process that appears accentuated by eccentric exercise, in which large forces are distributed over a relatively small cross-sectional area of the muscle.
The acute, and delayed nature of muscle soreness is indicative of an inflammatory immune response. Damage to the sarcomeres causes aninflux of white blood cells, leading to inflammation, which is itself associated with increased plasma enzyme concentration, myoglobinemia, and abnormal muscle structure and histology. A further response to sarcomere damage is necrosis following damage to the mysium, which peaks about 48 hours following exercise.
The muscle adapts rapidly to the structural damage caused by exercise, and further soreness and damage in later exercise events is mitigated.
- Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage. Provided by: Boundless. Located at: https://www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/muscle-tissue-9/clinical-cases-muscle-disorders-101/exercise-induced-muscle-damage-552-10918/?. Project: Boundless Anatomy and Physiology. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- Lifetime Fitness and Wellness. Provided by: Extended Learning Institute of Northern Virginia Community College. Located at: https://eli.nvcc.edu/. License: CC BY: Attribution