11: Energy Balance
- Page ID
- 21168
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- 11.1: Indicators of Health: Body Mass Index, Body Composition, and Fat Distribution
- This page discusses evaluating body weight using BMI, body composition, and fat distribution, defining "overweight" and "obese." BMI categorizes weight relative to height but has limitations, such as not considering muscle mass. Body composition is assessed through skin-fold tests and bioelectric impedance, while fat distribution is measured by waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio, which impact health risks.
- 11.2: Balancing Energy Intake with Energy Output
- This page covers energy balance, detailing its significance for weight management and the factors influencing it, such as BMR, hormones, and societal influences on food choices. It also explores obesity-related factors, including genetic predispositions, gut microbiome, and psychological aspects. The connection between sedentary behavior and decreased energy expenditure is highlighted, along with the impact of socioeconomic status on health disparities.
- 11.3: Physical Fitness and Physical Activity
- This page explains the distinction between physical fitness, which enables effective daily and leisure task performance, and physical activity, which includes all energy-expending muscle movements. It outlines the key components of physical fitness—cardiorespiratory fitness, musculoskeletal fitness, flexibility, balance, and speed—and discusses the health benefits of regular physical activity.
- 11.4: Fuel and Nutrient Needs for Physical Activity
- This page explains the role of macronutrients in energy production for physical activity, highlighting ATP as the primary energy source for muscle contraction. It details the order of substrate utilization—creatine phosphate, glucose, and triglycerides—based on activity intensity.
- 11.5: Health Risks of Overweight and Underweight
- This page outlines the health risks of being overweight and underweight, detailing associated issues like diabetes and heart disease for the former, and nutritional deficiencies for the latter. It covers major eating disorders, including anorexia, bulimia, and binge-eating disorder. The page emphasizes the importance of personalized treatment plans that may include therapy, medical care, nutritional counseling, and medications to help manage body weight and improve eating habits.
- 11.6: Recommendations for Safe and Effective Weight Loss and Weight Gain
- This page provides strategies for safe weight loss and weight gain. It suggests setting realistic goals, focusing on portion control and nutrient-dense foods for weight loss, and maintaining physical activity. For weight gain, it recommends consuming energy-dense foods, increasing daily calorie intake, and engaging in resistance training. Both processes necessitate dietary and physical activity adjustments for effective and lasting outcomes.