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5.13: Antihistamines

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    65149
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    Diphenhydramine is an example of a first-generation antihistamine. (See Figures 5.7[1] and 5.8.[2]) Second-generation antihistamines were developed to have fewer side effects. An example of a second-generation antihistamine is cetirizine.

    Photo of an opened package of Benadryl
    Figure 5.7 Diphenhydramine is a first generation antihistamine that is available orally or as an IV medication
    Photo of diphenhydramine HCI bottle.
    5.8 Diphenhydramine HCl preparation, single dose vial for IV administration

    Mechanism of Action

    Antihistamines have the following mechanisms of action: blocks histamine at H1 receptors; inhibits smooth muscle constriction in blood vessels and the respiratory and GI tracts; and decreases capillary permeability, salivation, and tear formation.

    Indications for Use

    Antihistamines are used for relief of allergy or cold symptoms.

    Nursing Considerations Across the Lifespan

    This medication is not safe for children under the age of 2 years without a healthcare provider’s order.

    Adverse/Side Effects

    First-generation medications can cause anticholinergic effects (such as dry mouth, urinary retention, constipation and blurred vision). CNS depression or CNS stimulation with excessive doses can occur, especially in children. Therefore, first-generation antihistamines should be used with caution in the elderly.

    Second-generation medications may cause headache, nausea, vomiting, dysmenorrhea, and fatigue.[3]

    Patient Teaching & Education

    Patients should be advised that antihistamines may cause drowsiness, and concurrent use of alcohol or other CNS depressants should be avoided. Patients should take only the recommended amount of medication and not to exceed dosing recommendations. Some patients may experience side effects such as dry mouth, and frequent oral hygiene may assist in alleviating discomfort.[4]

    Now let’s take a closer look at the medication grid for diphenhydramine and cetirizine in Table 5.6.[5],[6], [7] Medication grids are intended to assist students to learn key points about each medication class. Basic information related to a common generic medication in this class is outlined, including administration considerations, therapeutic effects, and side effects/adverse effects. Prototype/generic medication listed in the medication grid is also hyperlinked to a free resource from the U.S. National Library of Medicine called Daily Med. Because information about medication is constantly changing, nurses should always consult evidence-based resources to review current recommendations before administering specific medication.

    Table 5:6 Diphenhydramine and Cetirizine Medication Grid

    Class/Subclass

    Prototype/Generic

    Administration Considerations

    Therapeutic Effects

    Adverse/Side Effects

    First-generation antihistamine diphenhydramine Take as directed

    Avoid allergens

    Avoid alcohol or CNS depressants due to sedation

    Temporarily relieves symptoms due to hay fever or other upper respiratory allergies: runny nose; sneezing; itchy, watery eyes; itching of the nose or throat

    Temporarily relieves symptoms due to the common cold such as runny nose and sneezing

    Sedation

    Anticholinergic effects

    Gastrointestinal: Nausea/Vomiting

    Paradoxical effect: excitation in children

    Second-generation antihistamine cetirizine Take as directed

    Avoid allergens

    Avoid alcohol or CNS depressants due to sedation

    Temporarily relieves symptoms due to hay fever or other upper respiratory allergies: runny nose; sneezing; itchy, watery eyes; itching of the nose or throat Non-sedating

    Anticholinergic effects

    Gastrointestinal: Nausea/vomitting

    Paradoxical effect: excitation in children


    1. "Benadryl Allergy USA" by ZenBenjamin is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0
    2. "diphenhydramine (1)" by Intropin is licensed under CC BY-NC 2.0
    3. Frandsen, G. & Pennington, S. (2018). Abrams’ clinical drug: Rationales for nursing practice (11th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. ↵
    4. uCentral from Unbound Medicine. https://www.unboundmedicine.com/ucentral
    5. This work is a derivative of Pharmacology Notes: Nursing Implications for Clinical Practice by Gloria Velarde licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. ↵
    6. Frandsen, G. & Pennington, S. (2018). Abrams’ clinical drug: Rationales for nursing practice (11th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. ↵
    7. This work is a derivative of Daily Med by U.S. National Library of Medicine in the public domain. ↵

    This page titled 5.13: Antihistamines is shared under a CC BY 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Ernstmeyer & Christman (Eds.) (OpenRN) via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform.