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- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Gerontology/Human_Aging%3A_Biological_Perspectives_(DiGiovanna)/08%3A_Muscle_System/8.08%3A_Muscle_System_Performance_-_Aspects_and_ChangesAs will be explained below, important causes of the reduction in endurance include a more rapid accumulation of lactic acid in muscles and a faster and more intense onset of discomfort at a given rate...As will be explained below, important causes of the reduction in endurance include a more rapid accumulation of lactic acid in muscles and a faster and more intense onset of discomfort at a given rate of vigorous activity. Since *VO 2 max is an indicator of the maximum rate at which a person can perform activities, a small decline means a drop in the maximum rate at which a person can run, climb stairs, and carry out other vigorous activities.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Gerontology/Human_Aging%3A_Biological_Perspectives_(DiGiovanna)/14%3A_Endocrine_System/14.10%3A_Calcitonin_(Thyrocalcitonin)High blood levels of calcium stimulate calcitonin secretion, which causes blood calcium levels to decline by stimulating removal of calcium from the blood. Calcitonin decreases blood calcium by stimul...High blood levels of calcium stimulate calcitonin secretion, which causes blood calcium levels to decline by stimulating removal of calcium from the blood. Calcitonin decreases blood calcium by stimulating osteoblasts to incorporate blood calcium into bone matrix, inhibiting osteoclasts from removing calcium from bone matrix, and allowing the kidneys to release more calcium in the urine.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Gerontology/Human_Aging%3A_Biological_Perspectives_(DiGiovanna)/08%3A_Muscle_System/8.12%3A_Driving_Motor_VehiclesImportant neurological factors that limit driving ability for elders include age-related decreases in avoiding distraction; changing attention quickly; responding quickly in unfamiliar situations; not...Important neurological factors that limit driving ability for elders include age-related decreases in avoiding distraction; changing attention quickly; responding quickly in unfamiliar situations; noticing, accurately identifying and responding to sudden changes in the visual field; noticing and responding to a novel change in the environment; and distinguishing between important and unimportant items in the visual field.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Gerontology/Human_Aging%3A_Biological_Perspectives_(DiGiovanna)/14%3A_Endocrine_System/14.15%3A_Mineralocorticoids_(Aldosterone)Aldosterone secretion is regulated secondarily by the effects of blood levels of sodium and potassium on the adrenal cortex, by a hormone (atrial natriuretic factor) secreted by the heart when blood v...Aldosterone secretion is regulated secondarily by the effects of blood levels of sodium and potassium on the adrenal cortex, by a hormone (atrial natriuretic factor) secreted by the heart when blood volume is high, and by a hormone (ACTH) secreted by the anterior pituitary gland during stress.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Gerontology/Human_Aging%3A_Biological_Perspectives_(DiGiovanna)/08%3A_Muscle_System/8.09%3A_Staying_Physically_ActiveIt also reduces detrimental changes in the ability of the hormone insulin to regulate blood sugar and certain metabolic activities in the body (Chapter 14). The effects of ongoing exercise on the nerv...It also reduces detrimental changes in the ability of the hormone insulin to regulate blood sugar and certain metabolic activities in the body (Chapter 14). The effects of ongoing exercise on the nervous system help slow both the increase in reaction time and the decline in speed of movement. The impact of ongoing exercise on slowing the decline in *VO 2 max is so great that very active elderly people have values equal to or greater than those of sedentary individuals of about age 30.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Gerontology/Human_Aging%3A_Biological_Perspectives_(DiGiovanna)/14%3A_Endocrine_SystemFor each of the following hormones, describe its overall effects and the effects of aging on the hormone's ability to perform its roles: growth hormone (GH), melatonin, thymosin, aldosterone, testoste...For each of the following hormones, describe its overall effects and the effects of aging on the hormone's ability to perform its roles: growth hormone (GH), melatonin, thymosin, aldosterone, testosterone (in males), estrogen and progesterone (in females). For diabetes mellitus among the elderly, name three contributing factors and five harmful effects and describe real life practical consequences from the harmful effects.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Gerontology/Human_Aging%3A_Biological_Perspectives_(DiGiovanna)/05%3A_Respiratory_SystemName two age changes that affect each of the five requirements for proper ventilation, describe the results of these age changes on ventilation, and describe the results of these changes on (1) maximu...Name two age changes that affect each of the five requirements for proper ventilation, describe the results of these age changes on ventilation, and describe the results of these changes on (1) maximum minute volume, (2) maximum rate of gas exchange, (3) maximum rate of providing O 2 and removing CO 2 for body cells, and (4) work of breathing. Describe age changes in lung volumes and the effects of these changes on the ability of the respiratory system to carry out its functions.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Gerontology/Human_Aging%3A_Biological_Perspectives_(DiGiovanna)/01%3A_Introduction/1.05%3A_What_we_know_thus_farTherefore, a statistic that is more useful for most people than maximum longevity is mean longevity (ML), the average age at which death occurs for the members of a population; this is also called the...Therefore, a statistic that is more useful for most people than maximum longevity is mean longevity (ML), the average age at which death occurs for the members of a population; this is also called the life expectancy of the population.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Gerontology/Human_Aging%3A_Biological_Perspectives_(DiGiovanna)/06%3A_Nervous_System/6.03%3A_Neurons_-_Structure_and_FunctioningA dendrite being activated by another neuron or by a stimulus starts nerve impulses that travel along the dendrite to the nerve cell body, which passes the impulses to the third part of the neuron: th...A dendrite being activated by another neuron or by a stimulus starts nerve impulses that travel along the dendrite to the nerve cell body, which passes the impulses to the third part of the neuron: the axon. The amount and length of the response by the receiving neuron depend on the balance between the amount of stimulatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters it receives at any moment from the many neurons connected to it.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Gerontology/Human_Aging%3A_Biological_Perspectives_(DiGiovanna)/08%3A_Muscle_System/8.05%3A_Nerve-Muscle_InteractionThe combination of one motor neuron and all the muscle cells it controls is the functional unit of the muscle and is called a motor unit. The difference in the degree of control is similar to the diff...The combination of one motor neuron and all the muscle cells it controls is the functional unit of the muscle and is called a motor unit. The difference in the degree of control is similar to the difference between the ability to pay an exact amount when one has many one-dollar bills and small change and the ability to pay any exact amount when one has only bills of large denominations.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Gerontology/Human_Aging%3A_Biological_Perspectives_(DiGiovanna)/11%3A_Diet_and_NutritionBriefly describe the body's energy economy and energy balance including the contributions made by (1) BMR, (2) muscle activity, and (3) defense and healing processes and age-related changes in these p...Briefly describe the body's energy economy and energy balance including the contributions made by (1) BMR, (2) muscle activity, and (3) defense and healing processes and age-related changes in these parameters. Describe the general characteristics of a diet that can provide proper nutrition and explain the underlying reasons for these characteristics. The first part of this chapter introduces some principles of diet and nutrition and discusses them in general terms.
