11.11: Summary of Trace Minerals
- Page ID
- 33407
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)| Micronutrient | Sources | Recommended Intakes for adults | Major Functions | Deficiency diseases and symptoms | Groups at risk for deficiency | Toxicity | UL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iron | Red meat, egg yolks, dark leafy vegetables, dried fruit, iron-fortified foods | 8-18 mg/day | Assists in energy production, DNA synthesis required for red blood cell function | Anemia: fatigue, paleness, faster heart rate | Infants and preschool children, adolescents, women, pregnant women, athletes, vegetarians | Liver damage, increased risk of diabetes and cancer | 45 mg/day |
| Copper | Nuts, seeds, whole grains, seafood | 900 mcg/day | Assists in energy production, iron metabolism | Anemia: fatigue, paleness, faster heart rate | Those who consume excessive zinc supplements | Vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, liver damage | 10 mg/day |
| Zinc | Oysters, wheat germ, pumpkin seeds, squash,, beans, sesame seeds, tahini, beef, lamb | 8-11 mg/day | Assists in energy production, protein, RNA and DNA synthesis; required for hemoglobinsynthesis | Growth retardation in children, hair loss, diarrhea, skin sores, loss of appetite, weight loss | Vegetarians, older adults | Depressed immune function | 40 mg/day |
| Selenium | Meat, seafood, eggs, nuts | 55 mcg/day | Essential for thyroid hormone activity | Fatigue, muscle pain, weakness, Keshan disease | Populations where the soil is low in selenium | Nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, fatigue | 400 mcg/day |
| Iodine | Iodized salt, seaweed, dairy products | 150 mcg/day | Making thyroid hormone, metabolism, growth and development | Goiter, cretinism, other signs and symptoms include fatigue, depression, weight gain, itchy skin, low heart-rate | Populations where the soil is low in iodine, and iodized salt is not used | Enlarged thyroid | 1110 mcg/day |
| Chromium | Meats, nuts and whole grain | 25-35 mcg/day | Assists insulin in carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism | abnormal glucose metabolism | Malnourished children | None | ND |
| Fluoride | Fluoridated water, foods prepared in fluoridated water, seafood | 3-4 mg/day | Component of mineralized bone, provides structure and microarchitecture, stimulates new bone growth | Increased risk of dental caries | Populations with non fluoridated water | Fluorosismottled teeth, kidneydamage | 10 mg/day |
| Manganese | Legumes, nuts, leafy green vegetables | 1.8-2.3 mg/day | Glucose synthesis, amino-acid catabolism | Impaired growth, skeletal abnormalities, abnormal glucose metabolism | None | Nerve damage | 11 mg/day |
| Molybdenum | Milk, grains, legumes | 45 mcg/day | Cofactor for a number of enzymes | Unknown | None | Arthritis, joint inflammation | 2 mg/day |