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Appendix D: References

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    Chap. 1: Nutrition Myths and Tests of Reality

    Cited Sources

    1. Calverton VF. ed. 1931. The Making of Man, Modern Library, New York.
    2. Childe C. 1946. What Happened in History? Pelican, New York.
    3. Lowenberg M et al. 1974. Food and Man. Wiley, New York.
    4. Weyer E. 1961. Primitive Peoples Today. Dolphin, New York.
    5. Frazer JG. 1971. The Golden Bough, Macmillan, New York.
    6. Temkin O. 1960. Nutrition from Classical Antiquity to the Baroque, in Human Nutrition, Historic and Scientific, N.Y. Academy of Medicine, New York, pp. 78-97.
    7. Hales CM et al. 2020. Prevalence of Obesity, and Severe Obesity Among Adults: United States, 2017-2018. National Center for Health Statistics Data Brief, No. 360, February 2020.
    8. Hsu WC et al. 2015. BMI Cut Points to Identify AtRisk Asian Americans for Type 2 Diabetes Screening. Diabetes Care 38: 150-158.
    9. Mendola ND et al. 2018. Prevalence of Total, Diagnosed, and Undiagnosed Diabetes Among Adults: United States, 2013-2016. National Center for Health Statistics Data Brief #319, 9/19/18.
    10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2020. National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2020. cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics-report/
    11. Bieler HG. 1973. Food is Your Best Medicine, Vintage Books (Random House), New York.
    12. Morrill J et al. 2003. Are You Eating Right? Compare your diet to the official recommendations using the nutrient content of 5000+ foods. Orange Grove Publishing, Menlo Park, CA
    13. Flaherty J. 2015. 10 Red Flags of Misleading Nutrition Claims. Tufts University Health and Nutrition Newsletter, March 2015 issue.
    14. Deutsch RM. 1977. The New Nuts Among the Berries, Bull Publishing, Boulder, CO, p. 282.
    15. Dosti R. 3/20/86, Book May Remain No. I Among Readers, But Nutritionists Don’t Agree, Los Angeles Times. 16. Diamond H, Diamond M. 1985. Fit for Life. Warner Books, Inc., New York.

    Other Sources

    McCollum EV. 1957. A History of Nutrition—the Sequence of Ideas in Nutrition Investigations, Houghton Muffin Co., Boston.

    Steckel RH, Rose JC, ed. 2002. The Backbone of History. Heath and Nutrition in the Western Hemisphere. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK.

    Todhunter EN. 1984. Historical Landmarks in Nutrition, in Present Knowledge in Nutrition, 5/e, The Nutrition Foundation, Inc., Wash. DC.

    Chap. 2: Food Power—Use and Storage

    Cited Sources

    1. Diamond H, Diamond M. 1985. Fit for Life. Warner Books, Inc., New York, p. 7.
    2. Kreider RB et al. 1998. Effects of creatine supplementation on body composition, strength, and sprint performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exercise 30: 73-82.
    3. Mead M. January 1971. Why Do We Overeat? Redbook, p.28.
    4. Mayer J. 1965. Genetic Factors in Human Obesity. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 131: 412.
    5. Stunkard AJ et al. 1990. Body-Mass Index of Twins Who Have Been Reared Apart. New Eng. J. Med. 322:1483.
    6. Bouchard CA et al. 1990. The Response to Long-term Overfeeding in Identical Twins. New Eng. J. Med. 322: 1477-1482.
    7. Stunkard AJ. 1988. The Salmon Lecture. Some Perspectives on Human Obesity: Its Causes. Bull. N.Y. Acad. Med 64: 902-923.
    8. Stunkard AJ et al. 2006. A paradigm for facilitating pharmacotherapy at a distance: sertraline treatment of the night eating syndrome. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 67(10):1568-72

    Other Sources

    Flier JS, Maratos-Flier E. 2007. What fuels fat. Scientific American 297(3): 72-81.

    Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi.org/10.17226/10490

    Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi.org/10.17226/11537

    Chap. 3: Putting the Laws of Energy to Work

    Cited Sources

    1. CDC (Center for Disease Control) 2020. Healthy weight. cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/adult_bmi/index. html
    2. Hall KD, Guo J. 2017. Obesity Energetics: Body Weight Regulation and the Effects of Diet Composition. Gastroenterology 152(7): 1718-1727.
    3. Stubbs RJ et al. 2004. A Decrease in Physical Activity Affects Appetite, Energy, and Nutrient Balance in Lean Men Feeding Ad Libitum. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 79:62-69.
    4. Pomerleau M et al. 2004. Effects of Exercise Intensity on Food Intake and Appetite in Women. Am J. Clin. Nutr. 80: 1230-1236.
    5. NHLBI (National Heart, Lung, & Blood Institute). 2013. Managing Overweight and Obesity in Adults. Systematic Evidence Review from the Obesity Expert Panel, 2013. nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/managing-overweight-obesity-in-adults
    6. Ledikwe JH, Rolls BJ et al. 2007. Reductions in Dietary Energy Density are Associated with Weight Loss in Overweight and Obese Participants in the PREMIER Trial. Am J Clin Nutr 85:1212-1221. doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/85.5.1212
    7. Ledikwe, JH et al. 2006. Dietary Energy Density is Associated with Energy Intake and Weight Status in US Adults. Am J Clin Nutr 83:1362-1368. 
    8. Rolls, BJ et al. 2006. Reductions in Portion Size and Energy Density of Foods are Additive and Lead to Sustained Decreases in Energy Intake. Am J Clin Nutr 83:11-17. 11–17. doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/83.1.11
    9. Gardner CD et al. 2018. Effect of Low-fat vs Low-carbohydrate Diet on 12-month Weight Loss in Overweight Adults and the Association with Genotype Pattern or Insulin Secretion: the DIETFITS Randomized Clinical Trial. J. Am. Med Assoc. 319(7): 667-679. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5839290/

    Other Sources

    Bulik CM et al. 2007. The Genetics of Anorexia Nervosa. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 27:263-275.

    Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi.org/10.17226/10490

    Ode JJ et al. 2007. Body Mass Index as a Predictor of Percent Fat in College Athletes and Nonathletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 39:403-409.

    Wenten M et al. 2002. Associations of Weight, Weight Change, and Body Mass with Breast Cancer Risk in Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White Women. Ann Epidemiol. 12:435-444.

    Chap. 4: The Trapping of the Sun

    Cited Sources

    1. Chang T-T. 2002. Rice. In: The Cambridge World History of Food. Kiple, KF, Orelas, KC, editors. Cambridge University Press.
    2. Gross BL, Zhao Z. 2014. Archaeological and Genetic Insights into the Origins of Domesticated Rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111(17): 6190-7.
    3. Benzoni G. 1656. History of the New World. Translation by W.H. Smyth. Hakluyt Society, London, 1857.

    Other Sources

    Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi.org/10.17226/10490

    Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi.org/10.17226/11537

    Chap. 5: Of Carbohydrates and Health

    Cited Sources

    1. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2020 National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2020. cdc.gov/diabetes/pdfs/data/statistics/national-diabetes-statistics-report.pdf
    2. Dept. of Health and Human Services and Dept. of Agriculture. 2020–2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. dietaryguidelines.gov
    3. Peery AF et al. 2016. Distribution and Characteristics of Colonic Diverticula in a United States Screening Population. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 14(7): 980-985.
    4. Willett W et al. 1990. Relation of Meat, Fat, and Fiber Intake to the Risk of Colon Cancer in a Prospective Study Among Women. New Engl J Med. 323:1664.

    Other Sources

    Burke, LM, Hawley, JA. 2018. Swifter, Higher, Stronger: What’s on the Menu? Science 362: 781-787.

    Coleman E. 2003. Eating for Endurance, 4/e, Bull Publishing, Boulder, CO.

    Coleman E, Steen SN. 2000. Ultimate Sports Nutrition, 2/e. Bull Publishing, Boulder, CO.

    Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi.org/10.17226/10490

    National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). 2019 Diabetes. niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes

    Chap. 6: The Protein Confusion

    Cited Sources

    1. Tannahill R. 1973. Food in History. Stein and Day, New York, p. 300.
    2. News and Comment. 1991. Gene Mapping Japan’s Number One Crop. Science 252:1611.
    3. Pasiakos, SM et al. 2015. Sources and Amounts of Animal, Dairy, and Plant Protein Intake of US Adults in 2007-2010. Nutrients 7(8): 7058-7069. doi.org/10.3390/nu7085322
    4. National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences. 1989. Recommended Dietary Allowances, 10/e. National Academies Press, Wash., DC, p. 70.

    Other Sources

    Clark J, Goldblith S. January 1976. Processing of Foods in Ancient Rome. Food Tech., p. 30.

    Hale W et al. 1968. Illustrated History of Eating and Drinking Through the Ages. Vol. 1, Horizon Cookbook, American Heritage, New York.

    Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi.org/10.17226/10490

    Jacob H. 1944. Six Thousand Years of Bread, Doubleday, New York. Jones W. 1946. Philosophy and Medicine in Ancient Greece, Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, MD.

    Lewis, H. 1952. Fifty Years of Study of the Role of Protein in Nutrition. J. Amer. Diet. Assoc., 28: 701.

    Lowenberg M et al. 1974, Early Times through Roman Times and Medieval Times through the 19th Century, in Food and Man, Wiley, New York, pp. 1-27.

    McHenry E. 1960. From Lavoisier to Beaumont and Hopkins, in Human Nutrition Historic and Scientific, NY Acad Med.

    Pariser E. 1976. Foods in Ancient Egypt and Classical Greece. Food Tech., Jan. 1976, p. 23.

    Petronius A. 1913. The Satyricon. Modern Library, New York.

    Pyke M. 1958. Food and Society, Murray, London.

    Simon A. 1949. Food, Burke, London.

    U.S. Dept. of Commerce. 1960. Historical Statistics of the U.S.: Colonial Times to 1957. Wash DC.

    Chap. 7: Putting Amino Acids to Work

    Cited Sources

    1. Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements (p 144-150). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi.org/10.17226/11537
    2. Hadas M. 1965. Imperial Rome, Time, Inc., New York.

    Other Sources

    Apolzan JW et al. 2007. Inadequate Dietary Protein Increases Hunger and Desire to Eat in Younger and Older Men. J Nutr. 137:1478-1482.

    Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press doi.org/10.17226/10490

    Layman DK et al. 2005. Dietary Protein and Exercise Have Additive Effects on Body Composition during Weight Loss in Adult Women. J Nutr. 135:1903-1910.

    Smith NJ, Worthington-Roberts B. 1989. Food For Sport, Bull Publishing, Boulder, CO.

    Watson J. 1968. The Double Helix, Atheneum Publ., New York.

    Chap. 8: Fats Seen and Unseen

    Cited Sources

    1. Stefansson V. 1960. Food and Food Habits in Alaska and Northern Canada, in Human Nutrition, Historic and Scientific. N.Y. Acad. of Med., International Universities Press, New York.
    2. Cheskin LJ et al. 1998. Gastrointestinal Symptoms Following Consumption of Olestra or Regular Triglyceride Potato Chips. JAMA 279: 150-153.

    Other Sources

    Fillmore R. Spring 2007. Shining Some Light on the Sunflower. Univ. of Calif. Research Magazine.

    Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi.org/10.17226/10490

    Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi.org/10.17226/11537

    Chap. 9: Fat and the Doctor’s Dilemma

    Cited Sources

    1. Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, WONDER Online Database, 2020 release. wonder.cdc.gov/ucd-icd10-expanded.html accessed 3/3/21.
    2. Whelton PK et al. 2018. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 71(19): 2199-2269. onlinejacc.org/content/accj/71/19/2199.full.pdf
    3. National Center for Health Statistics. 2021. Health, United States, 2019. cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus19-508.pdf
    4. Alberti KG et al. 2009. Harmonizing the Metabolic Syndrome. A Joint Interim Statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 120:1640-1645. ahajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1161/circulationaha.109.192644
    5. Hirode, G, Wong, RJ. 2020. Trends in the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in the United States, 2011-2016. JAMA 323(24): 2526-2528.
    6. U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services, U.S. Dept of Agriculture. 2020. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2020-2025. dietaryguidelines.gov
    7. Soliman, GA. 2018. Dietary Cholesterol and the Lack of Evidence in Cardiovascular Disease. Nutrients 10(6):780. doi.org/10.3390/nu10060780
    8. Rosenberg I. 2002. Fish—Food to Calm the Heart. New Engl J Med. 346:1102-1103.
    9. Valenzuela TD. 2000. Outcomes of Rapid Defibrillation by Security Officers after Cardiac Arrest in Casinos. New Engl J Med. 343: 1206-1209.
    10. American Cancer Society. 2021. Cancer Facts and Figures 2021. https://www.cancer.org/research/canc...ts-statistics/ all-cancer-facts-figures/cancer-facts-figures-2021.html
    11. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 2016. Cancer and Tobacco Use. CDC Vital Signs. November 2016. cdc.gov/vitalsigns/cancerandtobacco/
    12. Kushi LH et al. 2006. American Cancer Society Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical Activity: Reducing the Risk of Cancer with Healthy Food Choices and Physical Activity. CA Cancer J. Clin. 56: 254-281.
    13. Hamajima N et al. 2002. Alcohol, Tobacco and Breast Cancer—Collaborative Reanalysis of Individual Data from 53 Epidemiological Studies, Including 58,515 Women with Breast Cancer and 95,067 Women Without the Disease. Br. J. Cancer 87:1234-1245.
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    Department of Health and Human Services. 2014. The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General, 2014. surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/50-years-of-progress/index.html

    Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi.org/10.17226/10490

    Manson J et al. 1992. The Primary Prevention of Myocardial Infarction. New Eng. J. Med. 236: 1406.

    Mosca L et al. 2007. Evidence-Based Guidelines for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Women: 2007 Update. Circulation 115:1481-1501.

    National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health. 2006. Your Guide to Lowering your Blood Pressure with DASH. NIH Publication 06-4082. nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/new_dash.pdf

    Chap. 10: The Digestive System

    Cited Sources

    1. Grundy D, Schemann M. 2006. Enteric Nervous System. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 22:102-110.
    2. Frezza M et al. 1990. High blood alcohol levels in women. The role of decreased gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity and first-pass metabolism. New Eng. J. Med. 322: 95-99.
    3. Wall TL et al. 2000. Hangover symptoms in Asian Americans with variations in the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) gene. J. Stud. Alcohol 61:13-17.
    4. Yokoyama M et al. 2005. Hangover susceptibility in relation to aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 genotype, alcohol flushing, and mean corpuscular volume in Japanese workers. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 29:1165-1171.
    5. Abadi ATB et al. 2016. Vaccine against Helicobacter pylori: Inevitable approach. World J Gastroenterol. 22(11): 3150-3157.
    6. Almy TP et al. 1949. Alterations in colonic function in man under stress. II. Experimental production of sigmoid spasm in healthy persons. Gastroenterol. 12:425- 436.
    7. Gentile CL et al. 2018. The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health. Science 362:776-780.
    8. de Vrieze J. 2013. The promise of poop. Science 341: 954- 957.
    9. van Nood E et al. 2013. Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile. New Eng. J. Med. 368(5):407-415.
    10. Schmidt, TSB et al. 2018. The Human Gut Microbiome: From Association to Modulation. Cell 172: 1198-1215.
    11. Kaiser, J. 2021. NIH’s ‘Precision Nutrition’ Bet Aims for Individualized Diets. Science 371(6529): 552.
    12. Suarez FL et al. 1995. A Comparison of Symptoms After the Consumption of Milk or Lactose-Hydrolyzed Milk by People with Self-Reported Severe Lactose Intolerance. New Engl J Med 333:1-4.

    Other Sources

    National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse website, a service of the National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH). niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases

    Chap. 11: Metabolism and the Vitamin Key

    Cited Sources

    1. Ludwig DS et al. 2018. Dietary fat: From foe to friend? Science 362(6416): 764-769.

    Other Sources

    Brosnan JT, Brosnan ME. 2007. Creatine: Endogenous, Metabolite, Dietary, and Therapeutic Supplement. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 27: 241-261.

    Chap. 12: Water—The Body’s Inner Sea

    Cited Sources

    1. Kenney WL, Chiu P. 2001. Influence of age on thirst and fluid Intake. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 33(9): 1524-1532.
    2. Farrell MJ et al. 2008. Effect of aging on regional cerebral blood flow responses associated with osmotic thirst and its satiation by water drinking: a PET study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105(1):382-387.
    3. Almond CSD et al. 2005. Hyponatremia among runners in the Boston marathon. New Eng J Med. 352:1550-1556.
    4. American Academy of Pediatrics Council on Environmental Health. 2016. Prevention of Childhood Lead Toxicity. Pediatrics 138(1): e20161493.

    Other Sources

    Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi.org/10.17226/10925

    Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi.org/10.17226/11537

    Chap. 13: Some Practical Realities of Vitamins

    Cited Sources

    1. National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. Dietary Supplements Health and Education Act of 1994. ods.od.nih.gov/About/DSHEA_Wording.aspx
    2. Mishra S et al. 2021 Dietary supplement use among adults: United States, 2017-2018. National Center for Health Statistics Data Brief #399, Feb 2021.
    3. Dwyer JT et al. 2018. The Dietary Supplement Label Database: Recent Developments and Applications. J Nutr 148(2): 1428S-1435S.
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    Rautianinen S et al. 2016. Dietary supplements and disease prevention—a global overview. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 12:407–20.

    Chap. 14: Water-Soluble Vitamins

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    1. Walter R. 1974. Anson’s Voyage Round the World in the Years 1740-44. Dover Publications, New York.
    2. Carpenter KJ. 1986. The History of Scurvy arid Vitamin C. Cambridge Univ. Press, p. 77.
    3. Sugiyama Y, Seita A. 2013. Kanehiro Takaki and the Control of Beriberi in the Japanese Navy. J R Soc Med. 106(8): 332-334.

    Other Sources

    Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi.org/10.17226/9810

    Institute of Medicine. 1998. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi.org/10.17226/6015

    National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). 2019. Pernicious Anemia. nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/pernicious-anemia

    Chap. 15: Fat-Soluble Vitamins

    Cited Sources

    1. Allen L et al. 2006. Guidelines on Food Fortification with Micronutrients. WHO (World Health Organization) Publications.
    2. World Health Organization. 2007. Vitamin A Deficiency. who.int/nutrition/topics/vad/en/index.html
    3. ATBC (Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene) Cancer Prevention Study Group. 1994. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Engl J Med 330:1029–1035.
    4. Holick M. 2007. Vitamin D Deficiency. New Engl J Med. 357:265-81.
    5. Dusse, LMS et al. 2017. Economy class syndrome: what is it and who are the individuals at risk? Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter. 39(4): 349-353.

    Other Sources

    Institute of Medicine. 2011. Dietary References for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi.org/10.17226/13050

    Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi.org/10.17226/10026

    Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi.org/10.17226/9810

    Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi.org/10.17226/11537

    Chap. 16: Major Minerals

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    1. Rossouw JE, et al. 2002. Risks and Benefits of Estrogen Plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: Principal Results from the Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 288:321-333.
    2. Lambrinoudaki I et al. 2006. Bisphosphonates. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1092:397-402.
    3. Strampel W et al. 2007. Safety Considerations with bisphosphonates for the Treatment of Osteoporosis. Drug Saf. 30:755-63.
    4. Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi.org/10.17226/10925
    5. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi.org/10.17226/25353
    6. Barinaga M. 1991. The Secret of Saltiness. Science 254: 654.

    Other Sources

    Institute of Medicine. 2011. Dietary References for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi.org/10.17226/13050

    Chapuy MC et al. 1992. Vitamin D3 and Calcium to Prevent Hip Fractures in Elderly Women. New Engl J. Med. 327: 1637.

    Dept. of Health and Human Services. 2004. Bone Health and Osteoporosis: A Report of the Surgeon General. Wash DC. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK45513/

    Institute of Medicine. 1997. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi.org/10.17226/5776

    Institute of Medicine. 2013. Sodium Intake in Populations: Assessment of Evidence. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi.org/10.17226/18311

    Chap. 17: The Trace Minerals

    Cited Sources

    1. Dallman RR. 1990. Iron. Present Knowledge in Nutrition, 6/e, International Life Sciences Institute—Nutrition Foundation, Wash DC.
    2. American Academy of Pediatrics Council on Environmental Health. 2016. Prevention of childhood lead toxicity. Pediatrics 138(1): e20161493.
    3. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. 2021. Hemochromatosis. niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/hemochromatosis
    4. Prasad AS. 1974. Trace Elements and Iron in Human Metabolism, Plenum Medical Book Co., New York, p. 253.
    5. Kochupillai N, Pandav CS. June-July 1985. Iodine Deficiency Disorders in China—Current Status, Control Measures, and Future Strategy. UNICEF Consultants’ Report.
    6. Yang G et al. 1983. Endemic Selenium Intoxication of Humans in China. Am J. Clin. Nutr. 37: 872.
    7. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 2016 Surgeon General’s Statement on Community Water Fluoridation. cdc.gov/fluoridation/guidelines/surgeons-general-statements.html
    8. Anderson R, Bryden NA. 1983. Concentration, Insulin Potentiation, and Absorption of Chromium in Beer. J. Agric. Food Chem. 31: 308.

    Other Sources

    American Dental Association: ada.org Global Nutrition Report 2018. globalnutritionreport.org/ reports/global-nutrition-report-2018/

    Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi.org/10.17226/10026

    Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi.org/10.17226/9810

    Institute of Medicine. 1997. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi.org/10.17226/5776

    Chap. 18: Between Food and Health

    Cited Sources

    1. U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services, U.S. Dept of Agriculture. 2020–2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2020/guidelines/
    2. American Cancer Society (ACS) 2017 ACS Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical Activity. www.cancer.org/ healthy/eat-healthy-get-active/acs-guidelines-nutrition-physical-activity-cancer-prevention/guidelines.html
    3. American Heart Association. 2015. The American Heart Association’s Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations. www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-eating/eatsmart/nutrition-basics/aha-diet-and-lifestyle-recommendations

    Other Sources

    Magni P et al. 2017. Perspective: Improving Nutritional Guidelines for Sustainable Health Policies: Current Status and Perspectives. Advances in Nutrition 8:532-534.

    Murphy SP et al. 2016. History of Nutrition: The Long Road Leading to the Dietary Reference Intakes for the United States and Canada. Advances in Nutrition. 7(1): 157-168. academic.oup.com/advances/article/7/1/157/4524066

    National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Guiding principles for developing Dietary Reference Intakes based on chronic disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi.org/10.17226/24828

    National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Examining Special Nutritional Requirements in Disease States: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi.org/10.17226/25164

    National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Redesigning the Process for Establishing the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi.org/10.17226/24883

    Chap. 19: Nutrition and the Life Cycle

    Cited Sources

    1. Morgan S et al. 2013. Is caffeine consumption safe during pregnancy? Can. Fam Physician 59(4):361-362.
    2. Chokroborty-Hogue A et al. 2014. Exploring the Complexity of Intellectual Disability in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Front. Pediatr. 4:90
    3. Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi.org/10.17226/11537
    4. Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi.org/10.17226/10490
    5. American Academy of Pediatrics. 2012. Policy Statement on Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk. Pediatrics 128(3):e827-e841.
    6. Birch LL. 1987. The Role of Experience in Children’s Food Acceptance Patterns. J. Amer. Diet. Assoc. 87: S36-S40.

    Other Sources

    American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Nutrition. 2003. Policy Statement: Prevention of Pediatric Overweight and Obesity. Pediatrics 112:424-430.

    Berman C, Fromer J. 2006. Meals Without Squeals: Child Care Feeding Guide and Cookbook (also available in Spanish). Bull Publishing, Boulder, CO.

    Kimbro RT et al. 2007. Racial and Ethnic Differentials in Overweight and Obesity Among 3-Year-Old Children. Am J Public Health. 97:298-305.

    Lorig K et al. 2006. Living a Healthy Life with Chronic Condition (also available in Spanish). Bull Publishing, Boulder, CO.

    National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Nutrition Across the Lifespan for Healthy Aging: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi.org/10.17226/24735

    Satter E. 2000. Child of Mine: Feeding with Love and Good Sense. Bull Publishing, Boulder, CO.

    Shanley E, Thompson C. 2001. Fueling the Teen Machine. Bull Publishing, Boulder, CO.

    Speakman JR, Hambly C. 2007. Starving for Life: What Animal Studies Can and Cannot Tell Us about the Use of Caloric Restriction to Prolong Human Lifespan. J Nutr. 137:1078-1086.

    Stewart DD. 2006. Baby & Me, The Essential Guide to Pregnancy (also available in Spanish). Bull Publishing, Boulder, CO.

    Thompson C, Shanley E. 2003. Overcoming Childhood Obesity. Bull Publishing, Boulder, CO.

    Chap. 20: Agriculture—Realities of Leaf and Soil

    Cited Sources

    1. Moffat AS. 1992. Plants as Clean-up Artists. Science 257: 1348.
    2. Gough P. 1975. Natural Enemies Used to Fight Insect Ravages in That We May Eat, The Yearbook of Agriculture, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.
    3. CRISPR-Cas: YouTube video of how the CRISPR-Cas enzyme works in precisely editing genes. youtube.com/watch?v=52jOEPzhpzc
    4. Ezzell C. 1992. Gene-spliced Rice Resists Stripe Virus. Science News 142: 261.
    5. Kang IH, Gallo M. 2007. Cloning and characterization of a novel peanut allergen Ara h 3 isoform displaying potentially decreased allergenicity. Plant Science 172(2): 345-353.
    6. Dolan LC et al. 2010. Naturally Occurring Food Toxins. Toxins 2: 2289-2332. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3153292/pdf/toxins-02-02289.pdf
    7. Ames B et al. 1987. Ranking Possible Carcinogenic Hazards. Science 236: 271.
    8. Gold LS et al. 1992. Rodent Carcinogens: Setting Priorities. Science 258: 261.
    9. Horsfall JG. 1975. The Fire Brigade Stops a Raging Corn Epidemic. in That We May Eat. The Yearbook of Agriculture, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.
    10. Clysdesdale FM, Francis FJ. 1985. Food Nutrition and Health. Avi Publishing Co., Inc., Westport, CT. p. 216.

    Other Sources

    Bevan DR. 1990. "Toxicants in Foods,” in Present Knowledge in Nutrition, 6/e. Brown, ML ed., International Life Sciences Institute—Nutrition Foundation, Wash DC.

    Fedoroff, NV et al. 2004. Mendel in the Kitchen: A Scientist’s View of Genetically Modified Foods. Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press. doi.org/10.17226/11000

    Kessler DA et al. 1992. The Safety of Foods Developed by Biotechnology. Science 256: 1747.

    Morrill J. 2015. A Happier Happy Meal. The Mercury News 7/23/15. mercurynews.com/2015/07/23/judi-morrill-a-happier-happy-meal/

    Raney T, Pingali P. 2007. Sowing a Gene Revolution. Scientific American 297(3):104-111.

    University of California. 1992 Annual Report, University of California Statewide IPM [Integrated Pest Management] Project.

    U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. Organic Agriculture. ers.usda.gov/topics/natural-resources-environment/organic-agriculture/

    Chap. 21: Food Processing and Food Safety

    Cited Sources

    1. Day L. May 1985. A Conversation with Bruce Ames. California Monthly.
    2. Linden E. December 18, 1989. Now Wait Just a Minute. Time Magazine.
    3. Gold LS et al. 1992. Rodent Carcinogens: Setting Priorities. Science 258:261.
    4. Arnon SS et al. 1979. Honey and Other Environmental Risk Factors for Infant Botulism. J. Peds. 94: 331.
    5. Coons JM. 1974. Natural Food Toxicants—A Perspective. Nutr. Rev. 32: 321.
    6. Marler B. 2014. A botulism tale: two young women and one jar of pesto sauce. marlerblog.com/legal-cases/abotulsim-tale-two-young-women-and-one-jar-of-pestosauce/

    Other Sources

    Fischetti M. 2007. Is Your Food Contaminated? Scientific American 297(3):112-117.

    Institute of Medicine. 2014. Sustainable Diets: Food for Healthy People and a Healthy Planet: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi.org/10.17226/18578

    Institute of Medicine. 2003. Dioxins and Dioxin-like Compounds in the Food Supply: Strategies to Decrease Exposure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi.org/10.17226/10763

    Kauter DA, Lynt RK. 1973. Botulism. Nutr. Rev. 31: 265.

    Popescu CB. 1986. Risk and Reason, in The Nutrition Debate. Gussow JD, Thomas PB ed. Bull Publishing, Boulder, CO. 

    Chap. 22: Food Labeling

    Cited Sources

    1. Food and Drug Administration. 2018. Authorized Health Claims the Meet Significant Scientific Agreement.fda.gov/food/food-labeling-nutrition/authorized-health-claims-meet-significant-scientific-agreement-ssa-standard
    2. Rader JI, Schneeman BO. 2006. Prevalence of Neural Tube Defects, Folate Status, and Folate Fortification of Enriched Cereal-Grain Products in the United States. Pediatrics 117: 1394-1399.
    3. De Wals P et al. 2007. Reduction in Neural-Tube Defects after Folic Acid Fortification in Canada. New Engl J Med. 357:135-142.
    4. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Services. Organic Regulations. www.ams.usda.gov/rules-regulations/organic
    5. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service. Organic Labeling Standards. www.ams.usda.gov/grades-standards/organic-labeling-standards

    Other Sources

    Food and Drug Administration. 2020. The New Nutrition Facts Label fda.gov/food/nutrition-education-resources-materials/new-nutrition-facts-label

    Institute of Medicine. 2012. Front-of-Package Nutrition Rating Systems and Symbols: Promoting Healthier Choices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi.org/10.17226/13221

    Institute of Medicine. 2003. Guiding Principles for Nutrition Labeling and Fortifiation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

    Kessler DA. 1989. The Federal Regulation of Food Labeling—Promoting Foods to Prevent Disease. New Eng. J. Med. 321: 717

    Wilder RM. 1956. A brief history of the enrichment of flour and bread. JAMA 162(17): 1539-1541

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