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  • Page ID
    61874
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    A

    Aspartic acid 72

    Abdominal (“belly”) fat 31, 109

    Academy of Nutrition & Dietetics 11

    Accutane 197

    Acesulfame-K 48

    Acetaldehyde 126

    Acetic acid 150, 276, 278

    Acetone 38, 276

    Acetyl CoA 144-145

    Acidophilus milk 132

    Acidosis 147

    Acne 197, and zinc 225

    Adequate Intake (AI) 232

    Adipose cells 15

    Adoption studies and obesity 25

    Aerobic metabolism 142, 143

    Aflatoxin 285, 286

    African-Americans and metabolic syndrome 109

    Afterbirth 242

    Agar 53, 276, 278

    Aging, and vitamin E 202
        and artherosclerosis 108

    Agricultural productivity 270

    Agriculture beginning 258

    Alanine 72

    Albumin 90

    Alcohol 180, absorption 121, 126
        and blood pressure 5, 110
        and breast cancer 114
        and breastfeeding 247
        and B-vitamins 169
        and calories 56
        and carbohydrate 55
        and dehydration 155
        and flushing 126
        and folate 185
        and HDL levels 112
        and nutrient absorption 213
        breakdown 126
        distillation 55
        during pregnancy 242

    Alcohol dehydrogenase 126

    Alcoholics/Alcoholism, and iron 224
        genetic tendency 59

    Aldehyde dehdrogenase 126

    Alexander the Great’s dinner 70

    Algae 72

    Algin 53

    All-Bran 276

    Allergies, reduced by breastfeeding 246

    Almonds 182,
        and cyanide 265

    Aluminum hydroxide 214

    American Academy of Pediatrics’s Committee on Nutrition 248

    American Cancer Society 236, 237

    American Heart Association 236, 237
        and supplements 113

    American Heart Association Diet 37

    Ames, Bruce 280

    Amines 284

    Amino acids 38, 62, 69, 150, 183, 258, 264
        and DNA 81
        and energy metabolism 145
        and pellagra 138,
        chains 73
        essential 75,
        from plants 259
        in protein 72

    Ammonia (NH3) 72, 150, 259
        and amino acids 145
        for plants 264,
        toxic levels 88

    Ammonium citrate 278

    Ammonium phosphates for plants 260

    Amylopectin 50, 51

    Amylose 50, 51, 52

    Anabolism 139

    Anaerobic, definition 141

    Anecdotal evidence 8

    Anemia 177, 184
        and copper, iron, lead 220-222
        and energy 19,
        and liver 5
        during pregnancy 243
        hemolytic, and vitamin E 193
        pernicious 186

    Aneurin 177

    Angina pectoris 79, 106

    Animal, quality/quantity of protein 75

    Animal tests of food additives 279

    Annatto 278

    Anorexia 42, 43

    Anorexia nervosa 34, 40-43
        and menstruation 221

    Antibiotics 165
        and vitamin K deficiency 204

    Antibodies 72

    Antioxidant 177, 178, 193, 277
        and selenium 221
        and vitamin E 201

    Antivitamin 179, 189

    Antlers, source of calcium 209

    Anus 132

    Aphids, in food 261

    Apollonius of Tyana 79

    Appetite 33, 38
        and Ghrelin, Leptin 5
        and older people 251

    Apples, and pectin 52,
        and water 157

    Apricots 193,
        and pests 262

    Arctic Indians 94

    Arginine 72

    Aristotle, theory of disease 3

    Arsenic 229

    Arteries 106

    Arthritis 165, and iron 224

    Aru Island 3

    Ascorbic acid, Ascorbate (see also Vitamin C) 177, 224, 277, 278
        anti-scorbutic 178
        as antioxidant 277, 278 (see also Vitamin C)

    Ash, definition 5, 136

    Asians and lactase 132

    Asparagine 72

    Asparagus, and fiber 52
        and grain 77,
        and urine 162

    Aspartame 47, 48

    Aspartate 72

    Aspartic acid 47

    Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) 165, 265
        during pregnancy 242

    Athabascans and vitamin A 196

    Atherosclerosis 106, 108, 110, 116

    Athletic performance 145, 156

    Atkins diet 37

    ATP 19, 20, 140, 141, 208, 259

    Autoimmune disease 59, 187

    Avidin 189

    B

    Bacon 98, 283

    Bacteria 164,
        and diarrhea 133
        and food borne illness 280
        and tooth decay 61
        and vitamin K 193, 203

    Bagels 37

    Bagoong 209

    Bakalai, idea about food 3

    Baked beans and bread 76

    Baking soda 278

    Baldness 181

    Bananas 51, 96, 269

    Bariatric surgery 130

    Barley 76, 270,
        for beer 55

    Basal metabolic rate (BMR) 14, 28

    Basal metabolism 22, 29

    Base pairing, bases, in DNA 83, 84

    Beans and fiber 53, 111
        source of molybdenum 221

    Bears, polar, source of vitamin D 200

    Beaumont, William 121

    Beef grades 293

    Beer 70, 272,
        alcohol content 55
        and chromium 221, 229
        and malt 49,
        and scurvy 176
        and water 155

    Beet greens 77

    Beeturia 162

    Behavior modification/weight loss 39

    Belly fat 109

    Benzoic acid, Benzoyl peroxide 278

    Beriberi 5, 136, 138, 164, 169, 179, 190

    Berries 177

    Beta-carotene 171, 173, 220, 276

    Beyer, Peter 267

    BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole) 277, 278

    BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) 277, 278

    BIA (bioelectric impedance analysis) 31

    Bicarbonate 128

    Bieler, Henry 7, 8

    Big Gulp 48

    Big Mac calories 97

    Bile 64, 128
        and pectin 52,
        composition 129

    Bile acids 103, 111, 129, 130
        and HDL 107

    Bile duct 128, 134

    Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 270

    Biodiversity 269

    Biotechnology 5, 257, 267, 268
        and insulin 59,
        and pests 262 and rice-tofu 77,
        in agriculture 263
        using bacteria 87

    Biotin 11, 177, 189, 190
        recommended intake 301-302

    Birds, energy for migration 97

    Birth-control pills 114

    Birth defects and vitamin A 193

    Birth weight and survival 244

    Bisphosphonates 214

    Bladder 161

    Blanch 274

    Blanching, vegetables 74

    Bleeding, and vitamin E 193

    Blindness, night and vitamin A 192

    Blind staggers and selenium 227

    Blood, and glucose 58
        calcium for clotting 208
        clotting 108, 193, 203
        pressure 210
        white cells and vitamin A 195

    Blood-cholesterol 107, 108

    Blood plasma 215

    Blood pressure 108, 109, 115
        and salt 216,
        and weight loss 38

    Blood vessels and diabetes 59

    Blood volume and water 154

    Blueberries 298

    BMR (basal metabolic rate) 14, 28, 29

    Body heat 14, 20, 221

    Body Mass Index (BMI) 30

    Body type 22

    Body weight regulation 26

    Body Weight Planner 28

    Bomb calorimeter 17

    Bone marrow and vitamin B12 188

    Bones 208

    Boron 229

    Boston Marathon and water use 157

    Bottled water 160

    Bottle mouth and tooth decay 62

    Botulinum, Botulism 281, 283-285

    Bourbon 272

    Bowel movement 132

    Brain, and ATP 146,
        and oxygen 106
        and stroke 106,
        energy needs 14
        formation 243

    Bran and cellulose 52

    Brazil 272,
        and ethanol production 56

    BRCA-1 and 2 and breast cancer 114

    Breast cancer 113-114

    Breastfeeding 114
        and fat 16,
        and immunities 246
        importance 90, 247
        weight loss advantage 245

    Breast milk 77, 214,
        and iron 223
        and vitamin D 200

    Breast pump 247

    Brewer’s yeast & chromium 221, 229

    Brine 216

    Broccoli 77, 171, 173, 177, 210, 236

    Browning of sliced apples 277

    Brown rice 54,
        and beriberi 136

    Brussels sprouts 77, 177

    Buchanan, Bob 270

    Bulimarexia 40

    Bulimia 40, 41, 251

    Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, and labeling 295

    Burp 127

    Buru Island 3

    Bush, George HW 155

    Butanol 276

    Butter 95

    Butylated hydroxytoluene 276

    B-vitamins 165,
        additive 275
        and coenzymes 139,
        eight types 139

    C

    Cabbage 52,171, 204, 285

    Caffeine 265, 276
        and breastfeeding 247
        during pregnancy 242

    Calciferol 193

    Calcitonin 211

    Calcium 11, 193, 208-211
        absorption and vitamin D 199
        -alginate, -bromate, -lactate, -phosphate, -propionate, -silicate, -sorbate 278
        and colon cancer 64
        and high blood pressure 110
        and vegan diet 79, 244
        and vitamin C 190
        carbonate, citrate, gluconate 210
        for plants 260
        in blood 208
        in hard water 159
        in milk 89
        intake for girls 213
        -phosphates, -sulfate, for plants 260
        recommended intake 301-302

    Calgene, Inc. 263

    California 272, 282
        and wasps 262
        soils 260

    Calories 13,
        content of foods 97
        definition 16,
        -dense foods 36
        for various activities 18, 29
        for vegans 80
        RDA during pregnancy 244

    Calorimeter 17

    Campbell Soup Company 263

    Canada & folic acid fortification 292

    Cancer 109, 112-114

    Caproic acid 95

    Caramel 278

    Carbohydrate 5, 47, 177
        daily intake 60
        energy-providing nutrient 46

    Carbohydrate loading, athletes 65-68

    Carbohydrates 5, 47, 58, 69, 95, 177
        and health 57,
        and metabolism 144
        for diabetics 60

    Carbon 95
        and cell energy 143,
        for plants 259

    Carbon dioxide (CO2) 51, 150, 285
        for plants 259,
        from burning 46

    Carbon monoxide 109

    Carcinogens 64, 265, 284, 285

    Cardiac sphincter 125

    Cardiovascular disease 299

    Carob bean gum 278

    Carotemia 162

    Carotene, Beta-carotene 194, 278

    Carotenoids 193, 194
        cooking helps absorption 196

    Carp 180

    Carpenter, Karen 40

    Carrageenan 52, 97, 276, 278

    Carrot oil 278

    Carrots 36, 50, 193, 272
        and pectin 52,
        and urine 162
        and vision 192,
        and vitamin A 195

    Cassava 51, 53, 54, 285

    Castle, William 186

    Catabolism 139

    Catalysts 49, 139

    Cataracts 181 

    CAT (computerized axial tomography) 212

    Cats and vitamin A 194

    Cattle, pasture raised 261

    Caucasians, and lactase 132

    Cauliflower 77, 204 Caveman
        and fat 15

    CCK (cholecystokinin) 124

    CDRR (Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intake) 216, 232, 301

    C. dificile 131

    Celery 52, 262

    Celery juice 284

    Cell membranes 94, 102
        and LDL 107

    Cells 258,
        and energy use 140
        as separate lives 82
        energy needs 14
        life’s basic unit 82

    Cellulite 15

    Cellulose 48, 49, 51, 52, 56, 278

    Centurion, British ship 176

    Cereals 210
        solid food for babies 248
        source of iron 221

    Ceviche 74, 75

    Chateau Margaux 1976 123

    Cheese 196, 272, 294

    Cheilosis 167

    Chelates 224

    Cheops 70

    Chernobyl 225, 261

    Chewing gum 52

    Chicken, grades 293

    Chicle and fiber 52

    Childbearing problems 197, 220

    China 269,
        and selenium 227
        Ho the Physician 3

    Chinese diet 91

    Chitin 53

    Chloride 11, 208, 210, 215, 217

    Chlorophyll 47, 194, 258
        and magnesium 214
        as color additive 276

    Chocolate 95, 96, 238

    Cholecystokinin (CCK) 124

    Cholera 75, 154

    Cholesterol 101, 103, 107-112, 165, 182
        and gallstones 129
        and pectin 52
        and vitamin D 198

    Choline 102

    ChooseMyPlate 234

    Chromium 11, 221, 229

    Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intake (CDRR) 216, 232, 301

    Chyme 127, 130

    Cimetidine/Tagamet 128

    Cirrhosis and iron 224

    Citrates 224

    Citric acid 277, 278

    Citrus 177

    Citrus fruits 210

    Citrus red no. 2 278

    Clams 180

    Clostridium botulinum 283, 284

    Club soda 160

    Coal tar dyes as food additives 276

    Cobalamin 10, 177, 186

    Cobalt 186, for plants 261

    Coca-Cola 62

    Cocaine during pregnancy 242

    Coconut oil 95, 99, 101

    Cod-liver oil and vitamin D 198

    Coenzymes 139, 164, 176, 177, 181, 182, 185
        and niacin, riboflavin 144
        and vitamins, as carriers 139

    Coenzyme A 189, 190
        and pantothenic acid 144

    Cofactor in metabolism 210

    Coffee 183, 276

    Coleman, Ellen 66

    Collagen 221

    Collard greens 77, 210

    Colon (large intestine) 63, 124, 130
        and bacterial life 131
        and cancer 58, 63, 64, 210, 288
        and cholesterol 111
        and water absorption 130

    Common cold 166

    Complementary Plant Proteins 77

    Complex carbohydrates 49

    Compost 259

    Condiments and fat 97

    Constipation 132, 173
        and fiber 63, 64
        and iron supplements 224

    Convenience foods 235, 273

    Cook, James (Captain) 178

    Copper 11, 221, 227-228
        and hemoglobin 227
        deficiency and zinc 225
        plumbing, utensils 228

    Corn 50, 51, 74, 76, 77, 183, 269, 283
        for alcohol 55,
        syrup 48

    Corn blight 266

    Corned beef 272

    Corn meal 51

    Corn oil 51, 98

    Cornstarch 51

    Corn syrup 51, 61

    Coronary arteries 103, 106

    Cotton 52

    Coumadin, Coumarin 203

    Couscous 91

    Cow’s milk 248

    Cramps 210, 221

    Cream of tartar 278

    Creatine 141

    Creatine phosphate 19

    Criminality and sugar 62

    CRISPR-Cas gene editing 263

    Croissant 95

    Crop yields 266

    Crossbreeding and pests 262

    Crusades and nutrition 3

    Cyanide 265

    Cyclamate 48, 280

    Cysteine 72

    Cystic fibrosis and vitamin E 201

    Cytoplasm 83, 140

    D

    Daily Value (DV) 290, 301

    Dairy products 115, 221

    Dam, Hendrik 202

    Dean Ornish Diet 37

    Death rates as population ages 108

    Defecation 132

    Defibrillators 113

    Dehydrated beets 278

    Dehydration 153,
        and diarrhea 133

    Delaney Clause 279, 284

    Denaturing of proteins 74

    Dental disease and vegan diets 79

    Deoxyribose 85

    Dept. of Agriculture and labeling 295

    Dept. of the Interior and labeling 295

    Depression 71, 177, 251

    Dermatitis 177

    Detergents and fat 128

    DEXA (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry) 212

    Dextrose (glucose) 48, 51, 55

    Diabetes 58, 106, 115, 153, 165
        and artherosclerosis 108
        and obesity 6,
        and weight loss 38
        definition 58,
        gestational 60
        prevalence 58,
        treatment 60
        type 1, type 2 58, 59

    Dialysis 154

    Diamond, Harvey 11

    Diaphragm 128

    Diarrhea 94, 133, 153, 177, 186, 210, 217, 282, 284
        and copper, iron, zinc 221
        and emotions 133
        and infant formula 247
        and lactose 132,
        and vitamin A 193

    Diet, and colon cancer 64
        effects on weight 21
        for diabetics 59, 60

    Dietary fat and heart disease 5

    Dietary Guidelines 65

    Advisory Committee 110

    Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs) 110, 111, 235, 236, 239-240

    Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) 232, 239-240

    Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) 166

    Dietary supplements 166

    Dietitians 231

    Diet plans, foods 28

    Diet soft drinks 273

    Digestion 120-122,
        and emotions 133

    Digestive enzymes 126

    Digestive tract/chambers 122

    Digitalis 164,
        and foxglove 265

    Diglycerides 276, 278

    Dimethyl sulfide 276

    Disaccharides 49, 56, 122

    Disodium guanylate 278

    Distilled water 160

    Diuretics 40, 152, 218

    Diverticulosis 58, 63, 173

    DiVine Ripe tomato 264

    DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) 48, 83
        and folate 185

    Dogs 3, 153

    Doisy, Edward 203

    Dolomite, source of calcium 210

    Double-blind study 9, 62

    Double helix, DNA structure 84

    Dowager’s hump 211

    Downy mildew 269

    Drought 285

    DSHEA (Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act) 166

    Duodenum 126, 127

    Durian 123

    Dutch Crown and beriberi 136

    E

    Eber’s Papyrus 192

    E. coli (Escherichia coli) 281, 282

    Ecology 257, 266, 270

    Economy Class Syndrome 203

    Ectomorph 22, 33

    Edema 162, 216

    EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) 278

    Egg lecithin 102

    Eggs 111, 210, 252
        size and grades 293
        source of iron 221

    Egg whites 111

    Egg yolks, and cholesterol 111
        and vitamin E 193
        and vitamin K 204

    Egypt 70, 272
        and zinc deficiency 225

    Eijkman, Christiaan 136, 139

    Einstein 8

    Electrolytes 154, 208, 215, 218
        and bulimia 40

    Embryo 242

    Emotions and appetite 34

    Emulsifier 52, 102, 128

    Endometrial cancer 213

    Endomorph 22, 33

    Endurance events 65

    England, 1840s depression 70

    Enriched refined grain 292

    Environment and obesity 24

    Environmental clean up by plants 261

    Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 160, 258

    Enzymes 50, 55, 74, 180
        and amino acids 72
        and digestion 49, 121
        and food deterioration 274
        and zinc 225
        biological catalysts 49, 139
        of soil bacteria 259

    Epidemiology, definition 9

    Epiglottis 124

    Epithelial tissues, and vitamin A 195

    Equal 47, 48

    Eskimos 94, 112

    Esophagus 124, 125
        and cancer 284,
        and heartburn 126

    Essential amino acids 88

    Essential fats 94

    Essential nutrient defined 9

    Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) 232

    Estrogen 108, 114, 211, 212
        and breast cancer 114

    Estrogen-replacement therapy 213

    Ethanol 56, 276,
        from corn 55

    Evaporation of water 153

    Evolution 176,
        and fat 23

    Exercise 117,
        and HDL levels 112
        and weight loss 32,
        habits 249
        importance for the elderly 252

    Ex-Lax 162

    Experimental group 9

    Extracellular water 151, 215

    Eyes 122, 193

    F

    Fabricated foods 273

    Falafel 76

    Families and obesity 24

    Fasting and digestion 134

    Fat 105,
        and calories 115
        and moisture illusion 158
        content calculations 116
        energy content 96
        saturated vs. unsaturated 111

    Fat cells (adipose cells) 15

    Fatigue 284,
        and iron 221

    Fatness, measurement 31

    Fats 5, 93
        and energy metabolism 144, 145
        and LDL levels 110
        fatty acid composition 100
        time in stomach 128

    Fat-soluble vitamins 95

    Fat substitutes 97

    Fatty acids 94, 95, 100, 111, 201
        and biotin coenzymes 189

    Fava beans and urine color 162

    FDA (Food and Drug Administration) 101, 278

    FD & C blue #1, red #40, yellow #5 278

    Fecal contamination 282

    Fecal transplants 131

    Feces 153

    Fermentation, and alcohol 55
        and food preservation 272

    Ferrous sulfate 224

    Fertility and breastfeeding 245

    Fertilizer 8, 258

    Fetal alcohol syndrome 242

    Fetus 242

    Fever 221, 284

    Fiber 17, 52, 53, 60, 63, 73, 111, 115, 275
        and constipation 133
        and feces water 153
        and LDL levels 111
        Daily Value 290

    Fibrillate 112

    Fibrin, Fibrinogen 203

    Fig Newtons 296

    Filth and food regulation 261

    Fingernails and selenium 221, 227

    Fish 99, 210,
        and fatty acids 99
        and vitamin D 193
        benefit in the diet 112;
        oil 94, 95

    Fish and chips 123

    Fit for Life 11, 18

    Fitzgibbons, Judy 298

    Flatulence, Flatus 131

    Flavr Savr tomato 264, 275

    Fleas 265

    Florida 260, 272, 273

    Flour, enriched 289

    Fluoride 11, 221, 228-229
        and tooth decay 228
        for plants 261;
        in water 159
        recommended intake 301-302

    Fluorosis 228

    Folate (folic acid, folacin) 11, 95, 173, 177, 184-186, 190
        and orange juice 234
        and pregnancy 185, 243
        fortification (folic acid) 292
        recommended intake 301-302
        synthetic folate (folic acid) 185

    Folic Acid (see Folate)

    Fonda, Jane 40

    Food additives 276

    Food Additives Amendment 278

    Food and Drug Act 261

    Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 183, 258, 262
        and labeling 295

    Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) 89, 232, 239-240

    Food composition tables 8

    Food First 268

    Food label 288, 299

    Food processing 273

    Formaldehyde 150

    Fosamax 214

    Foxglove 164

    Frankfurters 115, 116, 216
        and botulism 283

    French fries 95

    French Revolution 4

    Frito-Lay and trans fat 101

    Fructose 48

    Fruit Loops 54

    Fruits, and fiber 111,
        dried 210
        solid food for babies 248

    Fulani tribe 132

    Fumarates 224

    Fungicide from plants 264

    Funk, Casimir 137

    Furan diacetyl 276

    Future of Food Symposium 270

    G

    Gag reflex 125

    Galactose 48, 54, 132,
        and pectin 52

    Galesburg, Illinois, and fluoride 228

    Gallbladder, gallstones 124, 128, 129

    Garbanzo beans 76

    Garlic 162, 227

    Gasoline 19, 47

    Gastric bypass 130

    Gastrin 124

    Gelatin 278

    Genes 24, 84, 268
        and artherosclerosis 108
        in plants 260

    Genetically Modified Foods 268

    Genetically modified organism (GMO) 263

    Genetic code 84 Genetic diversity 266

    Genetic engineering 269

    Genomics 268

    GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease) 126

    Ghrelin 5, 33, 124

    Gin 110

    GIP (Glucose-dependent insulinotrophic peptide) 124

    Global warming 47

    Glucagon 58, 128

    Glucose 48, 55, 58, 95, 132, 151, 176
        and appetite 33,
        and metabolism 140
        and the brain 38,
        and yeast 55

    Glutamate, glutamic acid, glutamine 72

    Gluttony 20

    Glycemic Index 54

    Glycerin 95

    Glycerol 95, 151, 278

    Glycine 72

    Glycogen 38, 48, 49, 51, 58, 147
        atorage and the athlete 65-68

    Glycolysis 140, 141

    Goblet cells 83

    Goiter 289,
        and iodine 221, 226, 285

    Goitrogens 285

    Goldberger, Joseph 137, 138, 141

    Gout and molybdenum 221

    Grades of food 292

    Grains, source of chromium, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium 220-221

    Grapefruit enzymes 74

    Grapefruit Diet 37

    Grape Nuts 276

    Grapes, and pests 262
        for wine 55,
        sugar content 21

    GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) 279

    Great Plains 272

    Greek peasant diet 70

    Greek Regimen in Health 3

    Green beans 77, 283

    Greenhouse gas 47

    Green leafy vegetables 168, 182, 209, 210,
        and vitamin K 204
        source of iron 220

    Greens 193 Greyhounds 146

    Grits in the South 70

    Ground squirrel, golden-mantled 26

    Group Support for weight loss 39

    Guar gum 53, 276, 278

    Guatemala and vitamin A 194

    Gulf War 272

    Gum arabic 53, 278

    Gum ghatti 278

    Gums and fiber 52

    Gut microbiome 131

    H

    Hair and selenium 221, 227

    Halvah 209

    Ham 216,
        and botulism 283

    Hangover 169

    Hawaii 272

    HbA1c (Hemoglobin A1c) 58

    HDL (see high-density lipoprotein) 107-108, 111-112, 117-118

    Headache 94, 177, 284

    Health Canada 232, 239

    Health Claims that Meet Significant Scientific Agreement 291

    Health foods 273

    Health Regimen of Salerno (Italy) 4

    Heart 182, and selenium 221

    Heart attack 106, 108, 109
        and high blood pressure 108

    Heartbeat 210,
        and potassium 217

    Heartburn 126

    Heart disease 109, 113, 114
        and dietary fat 106
        and obesity 6
        and trans fat 101

    Heart failure and iron 221

    Heat stroke 155

    Heme iron 222-223

    Hemicellulose 52

    Hemochromatosis 221, 224

    Hemoglobin 146, 184, 220, 221, 222
        and amino acids 73,
        and bile 129
        breakdown product 162

    Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 58

    Hemophilia 203

    Hemorrhagic disease 265

    Hemorrhagic stroke 108
        and alcohol 110

    Hemorrhoids 63, 64

    Hepatitis A virus 284

    Herbal supplements 166
    Heredity, and fatness 21
        and fat 14,
        and vitamin B12 188

    Herring 180

    Hershey chocolate 23, 299

    Heterozygotes 224

    High blood pressure and artherosclerosis 108
        and sodium 215-216
        definition 108

    High-density lipoprotein (HDL) 107

    High-fructose corn syrup 48, 51, 54

    Hippocrates 3, 71, 120

    Histidine 72

    HIV/AIDS and breastfeeding 247

    Hoarding behavior 26

    Hodgkins, Dorothy 186

    Hollandaise 102

    Homogenization of milk 128

    Homozygotes 224

    Honey 48, 61;
        and infants 285

    Hong Kong and methionine 76

    Hopkins, Frederick 5

    Hormone-replacement therapy 114

    Hormones 189
        and amino acids 72
        chemical messangers 122 d
        efinition 58

    H. pylori bacteria 126, 128

    Hubei Province, China 227

    Hudson’s Bay Company 94

    Human genome 84

    Human microbiome 131

    Hummingbird, ruby-throated 26

    Hummus 76

    Hybrid corn 266

    Hydrated carbon 47

    Hydrochloric acid 40, 126, 217

    Hydrogen 95,
        and cell energy 143
        for plants 259

    Hydrogenated Fats 100, 101

    Hydrogen peroxide 278

    Hydrolyzed vegetable protein 278

    Hyena as food 3

    Hyperactivity 58, 62

    Hyperlipidemias and vegan diets 79

    Hypoglycemia 61

    Hypothalamus and appetite 33

    I

    Ice cream and calcium and fat 291

    Idaho 272, 282

    Impossible Burger 223

    Impotence 109

    Indian diet 91

    Indigestion & contaminated food 134

    Indirect calorimetry 18

    Indoles 173

    Indonesia 136

    Infant botulism 285

    Infant death and water 154

    Infant Formula Act 183

    Infections and iron 221

    Infertility and lead 222

    Ingenhousz, Jan 46

    Inositol 48

    Insect parts in food 261

    Insulin 58, 59, 73, 128, 165
        and chromium 221
        and the kidneys 162
        and tryptophan 63

    Integrated Pest Management (IPM) 262

    Intestines 120, 121

    Intracellular water 151, 215

    Intrinsic factor 126, 186

    Iodine 11, 221, 225-227
        and goiter 285
        excess 226,
        for plants 261
        recommended intake 301-302

    Ions 215

    Iran, and wasps 262
        and zinc deficiency 225

    Ireland, potato diet 70

    Iron 11, 220-225
        absorption 178
        additive 275,
        amounts in food 222
        and vegan diet 79, 90, 244
        and vitamin C 190
        deficiency 79, 184, 220
        for babies 248,
        for plants 260
        fortification and supplements 224
        in drinking water 159
        non-heme 222, 223
        pots and pans 224
        recommended intake 208, 223, 243, 301-302;
        toxicity 224

    Ironman Triathlon 68

    Irradiation for microbe control 282, 286

    Isoleucine 72

    Isoprene 276

    Isotretinoin 197

    Italy and pellagra 137

    J

    Jack-in-the-Box hamburgers 282

    Japan 114, 179, 282
        and breast cancer 114

    Jaundice 284,
        and vitamin K 193

    Java 136

    Jell-O 74

    Jenny Craig 37

    Jet lag and dehydration 155

    Jixian, China and iodine 226

    John, Elton 40

    Junk food and children 250

    K

    Kale and legumes 77

    Kellogg All-Bran cereal 288

    Keshan’s disease & selenium 227

    Ketones 38,
        and starvation 147

    Ketosis 35, 37, 147

    Kidney 153, 162, 182, 216
        and excess protein 88
        and high blood pressure 109
        and vitamin D 199
        damage and lead 222
        damage, and vitamin D 193
        disease 161, 218,
        stones 166, 210

    Kidney failure 282,
        and diabetes 59

    Kidney beans 76

    Kiebsiella and vitamin B12 80

    Kilocalorie (kcal), definition 16

    Kim chee 216

    Krebs, Hans 143

    Kwashiorkor 90, 245

    L

    Labeling 287,
        definitions 294

    Lactase 50, 132,
        and microvilli 130

    Lactation and folate 185,
        and vegan diet 244
        increased RDAs 246

    Lactic acid 278
        and energy supply 142
        and muscle 75,
        in athletes 75

    Lactobacillus acidophilus 132

    Lacto-ovo vegetarian 89

    Lactose 48, 49, 62, 209

    Lactose intolerance 132, 133

    Laetrile 10

    Lasorda, Tommy 14

    Lavoisier, Antoine 4, 9, 46, 71

    Laws of energy conservation 31

    Laxatives 40, 98, 133

    LDL-cholesterol 107, 110-111, 117

    Lead in drinking water, in paint 159
        in soil 261,
        toxic effects 159, 222

    Lean body mass 117

    Lecithin 102

    Leghemoglobin 223

    Legumes 76, 210,
        and nitrogen 259
        source of iron, zinc 221

    Lemaux, Peggy C. 268

    Lemon and acidity 122

    Leptin 5, 31

    Leucine 72

    Leukemia 83, 265

    Lightning and nitrogen 259

    Lignin 52

    Lima beans 76, 77
        and cyanide 265, 285

    Lime juice for scurvy 178

    Lime water 209

    Lincoln, Abraham, son Willie 129

    Lind, James, cure for scurvy 177

    Linoleic acid 94, 99
        and stearic acid 100

    Linolenic acid 94, 99, 100

    Lion as food 3

    Lipid definition 102

    Lipoproteins 107, 117

    Listeria monocytogenes 284

    Lister Institute 137

    Liver 128, 182, 192, 193
        and glucose 58,
        and glycogen 51
        and HDL 107
        and pernicious anemia 5, 186
        and sugar 55
        and Vitamin A, K 192, 193
        and vitamin D 199
        damage 166, 193
        digestive secretions 128
        extract 184
        source of B vitamins 177
        source of chromium, copper 221
        source of iron 220, 221
        source of vitamin A 195

    Liver damage and copper 221

    Locust bean gum 53, 278

    Love and food 34

    Low-calorie diet 117

    Low-carbohydrate diet 35, 37

    Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) 107

    Lung cancer 108, 109, 112-114

    Lutein 197

    Lycopene 197,
        and prostate cancer 114

    Lynen, Feodor 145

    Lysine 72, 89, 270
        and corn 138,
        in wheat 76

    M

    Macedonia 70

    MacKinac Island, Michigan 121

    Macquer 71

    Macrobiotic 178

    Magnesium 11, 95, 208, 210, 214-215
        in hard water 159
        recommended intake 301-302

    Magnesium carbonate 278

    Malnutrition 54, 91, 95, 236, 266

    Malt 49

    Maltol 278

    Maltose 48, 49
        and yeast 55,
        from cornstarch 55

    Manganese 11, 221, 228

    Mannitol 48, 133

    Manure 259

    Maple syrup 61

    Marasmus 90

    Marathon 19, 20

    Margarine 274,
        and vitamin E 193

    Market identification, penetration 273

    Marrow and iron 223

    Masa harina, 209

    Mayer, Julius 46

    Mayonnaise 294
        and fat 97,
        ingredients 102

    McDonald’s burgers 97, 282

    Mead, Margaret 20

    Measles and vitamin A 193

    Meat, and vitamin K 193
        in the American diet 71
        source of selenium 221
        source of zinc 221

    Medicines from plants 265

    Melanin and tyrosine 90

    Membrane 215,
        cell 83

    Menkes’ steely hair disease, and copper 228

    Menopause 114, 211, 213
        and breast cancer 114

    Menstruation absence from anorexia 41
        and breast cancer 114
        and nutrition 251,
        loss of iron 220

    Mercaptan 162

    Meringue 71

    Mesomorph 22, 33

    Messenger RNA 85, 86

    Metabolic Syndrome 109

    Metabolism 19, 210, 248, 285
        amino acid 177, 183
        and Leptin 5,
        biotin 189
        carbohydrate, fat, protein 177
        cofactor 221,
        definition 139
        energy 180

    Methane 150

    Methanol 276

    Methionine 72
        limiting amino acid in legumes 76

    Methotrexate and folate 185

    Methyl acetate, butanol, formate 276

    Methylene blue 162

    Methylfuran 276

    Methylparaben 278

    Mexican-Americans and gallstones 129
        and metabolic syndrome 110

    Microorganisms 258, 272, 274, 280
        and cellulose 52
        make vitamin B12 186

    Microvilli 130

    Middle Eastern diet 91

    Midtown Manhattan Study 24

    Migraine 180

    Milk 62, 111, 115, 181, 210
        and lactose 132,
        and vitamin K 193
        as a source of nutrients 89
        mother’s 182
        source of selenium, zinc 221
        vitamin-D-fortified 289
        water and fat content 158

    Minerals 10, 60, 207,
        absorption 121
        amount in human body 208
        for plants 260,
        trace 219

    Mineral water 160

    Minnesota starvation study 26

    Minot, George 186

    Mint in Priestley experiment 46

    Miscarriage 284

    Miso, for vitamin B12 80
        source of zinc 225

    Mississippi River 272

    Mites in food 261

    Mitochondria 83, 142, 143

    Modified food starch 278

    Molasses 70
        for rum 55,
        source of iron 220

    Molds 281, 285

    Molotov cocktail 17

    Molybdenum 11, 221, 229

    Monocalcium phosphate 278

    Monoglycerides 278

    Monosaccharides 48, 56, 122

    Monounsaturated fatty acid 99

    Moroccan ideas about food 3

    Morphine 164

    Mosquito abatement 262

    Mouth and digestion 122

    MSG (monosodium glutamate) 123, 216, 278

    Mucin, lubricant for food 122

    Mucus 126

    Muffins 37

    Murphy, Suzanne P. 239

    Murphy, William 186

    Muscle 89
        cramps 209,
        glycogen 51

    Muscle cells 83
        fast and slow twitch 146

    Mushrooms 177
        source of chromium 221

    Mustard greens 77

    Myoglobin 146,
        source of iron 222

    MyPlate eating guide 234-236, 239

    N

    Napoleon 272

    National Academy of Science’s National Research Council 232-233

    National Organic Program 296

    National Seed Storage Laboratory 266

    Native Americans and gallstones 129,
        and lactase 132

    Natto 80

    Nausea 133, 177, 210, 284
        and manganese, zinc 221

    Neotame 48

    Nephrons 161

    Nerve cells 83

    Nerve gases, poison 265, 283

    Neural tube, and folate 243
        defect in the fetus 185 Neurobiology 5

    Newborns and iron 223

    Niacin, Nicotinic acid, Nicotinamide, Niacinamide 11, 111, 112, 138, 141, 165, 166, 190, 165, 177, 182-183, 190
        and energy metabolism 141
        and LDL 111;
        and pellagra 138
        recommended intake 301-302

    Nicholas Appert 272

    Nickel 229

    Nicotine 109, 112, 182

    Nigeria 132

    Night-eating syndrome 26

    Nightshade 2

    Nitrate (NO3) 259

    Nitrite, and botulism 283
        as a food additive 284

    Nitrogen, and amino acids 145
        disposal in urine 88,
        for plants 259
        gaseous 259,
        in air 46
        in ammonia 72

    Nitrosamines,
        and tobacco 284

    Nobel Prize 5, 143, 145, 178, 186, 193, 203,
        No-effect dose of food additive 278

    Non-caloric, definition 17

    Non-heme iron, food sources 223

    Norovirus 281, 284

    Nose and eating 122

    Nosebleeds 112

    Nucleic acid and folate 185

    Nucleus of the cell 83

    NuSun 101

    NutraSweet 47, 48

    Nutrient fortification 275

    Nutrient loss with food processing 275

    Nutri-System 37

    Nutrition blending of Oriental and Greek 4
        information law 288,
        of plants 258

    Nutritionists 10, 232

    Nutrition Labeling & Education Act 288

    Nutritive value, food preparation 274

    Nuts:source of chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum 221
        source of phosphorus 210

    O

    Oat bran 298

    Obesity 5, 20, 21, 24, 28, 39, 40, 114, 115, 299;
        and diabetes 59, 110
        and HDL 112,
        definition 16
        metabolic syndrome 109, 110

    Obestatin 124

    Odwalla juice 282

    Oil lamps 96

    Okra 77

    Oleic acid 98

    Olestra 97

    Olive oil 98, 99

    Olives and pests 262

    Omega-3 fatty acids 99
        in the Eskimo diet 112

    Omega-6 fatty acids 99

    Opaque-2 gene 267

    Optifast 35

    Oranges 171
        and pectin 52,
        and water 157

    Oreo cookies 295

    Organic farming 259

    Organic foods 296

    Oscar Mayer 284

    Osteomalacia 197
        and vitamin D 193, 199

    Osteoporosis 210, 211-214
        and alcohol 213
        and calcium 213, 291
        and gender, genes 212
        and vegans 80,
        and vitamin D 193

    Ovarian cancer 265

    Overweight 117

    Ovulation and temperature 251

    Oxalic acid 210,
        and iron 223

    Oxygen 95, 184,
        and burning 17, 46
        and cell energy 143
        and plants 259, 260
        carried by hemoglobin 220
        damage to food 274,
        discovery 4

    Oysters, source of zinc 225

    P

    Paint and lead 222

    Palate 124

    Palm oil 95, 99, 101

    Palmitate 195

    Pancreas 58, 124, 128, 165
        digestive secretions 128

    Pangamic acid 10

    Pantothenic acid 11, 177, 188-189, 190
        recommended intake 301-302

    Papaya 193, 269

    Parathormone 211

    Pasteurized milk 74, 282

    Peaches 51

    Peanut allergy 265

    Peanut butter 98, 100

    Peanut butter sandwich 76

    Peanuts 76,
        and cellulose 52

    Pearl millet hybrid 269

    Peas 50,
        and grain 77,
        and nitrogen 259

    Pectin 52, 278,
        as food additive 276

    Peer review 8, 9

    Pellagra 137, 138, 164, 168, 181, 182, 190, 289, 292

    Penicillin 83

    Peppers 177

    Pepsin 124

    Peristalsis 124

    Periwinkle and cancer drugs 265

    Persian Gulf War 265

    Personality disorder 24

    Perspiration 153, 216

    Peru, alcohol production 55
        and cholera 75

    Pesticides 258, 261, 262, 269
        natural and synthetic 265

    Pests 269

    Phenothiazines 162

    Phenylalanine 47, 72

    Philippino farmers 269

    Philo of Alexandria 79

    Phosphate, DNA component 83

    Phosphates 278

    Phosphocreatine and ATP 141

    Phospholipids 101, 102, 214

    Phosphoric acid 278

    Phosphorus 11, 193, 208, 210, 213-4
        absorption and vitamin D 199
        for plants 260
        recommended intake 301-302

    Photosynthesis 46, 140, 204, 259

    Physical activity 32, 117, 118
        and appetite 33,
        and calories 29

    Phytic acid,
        and iron 223
        and zinc deficiency 225

    Pickles 216

    Pigeons and beriberi 137

    Pinch test to measure body fat 31

    Pineapple, denaturing 74

    Pinto beans 76

    Pizza 235, 238

    Placebo effect 9, 172, 173
        and appetite 34

    Placenta 242

    Plant foods 115

    Plant proteins in combination 76

    Plumbing, source of copper 221

    Plums and pests 262

    Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 269

    Polyneuritis 136

    Polysaccharides 49,
        in beans 131

    Polysorbate 278

    Polyunsaturated fat 99, 201

    Pomegranates 298

    Popcorn 37

    Pop Warner football 44

    Pork and trichinella 284
        source of thiamin 179

    Potassium 11, 40, 95, 173, 208, 210, 215, 217-218, 275
        for plants 260
        recommended intake 301-302

    Potassium alginate, bitartrate, bromate, sorbate 278

    Potassium chloride for plants 260

    Potato 51, 96, 168, 177, 210, 269
        blight 70, 263,
        chips 275
        energy content 96,
        toxic leaves 2

    Potrykus, Igor 267

    Prebiotic 131

    Precambrian Era 150

    Predators instead of pesticides 262

    Preservation of food 274

    Priestley, Joseph 46

    Primeval atmosphere 259

    Probiotic 131

    Progestogen 213

    Proline 72

    Proof, measure of alcohol content 55

    Propionaldehyde 276

    Propionic acid 278

    Propylene glycol 278

    Propyl gallate, paraben 278

    Prostate cancer 113

    Protein 69, 96, 181
        amount needed 88,
        and vegans 80
        chain of amino acids 84
        combining grain and legume 76
        digestion 122,
        energy content 97
        from eggs 76
        from grain and roots 53
        Greek word origin 72
        identification 5,
        in egg white 71
        meats, milk, cheeses, and eggs 70
        needs for athletes 89
        plant sources 70
        RDA during pregnancy 244
        shapes 73,
        source of nitrogen 259
        synthesis 82, 182

    Protein deficiency and poverty 90

    Proteins 38
        and energy metabolism 145
        and iron 221,
        from plants 259
        from plants and animals 77
        time in stomach 128

    Protein-sparing diet 35

    Provitamin A 193, 194

    Prudent diet 236

    Prunes, and cellulose 52
        source of iron 220

    Psychiatry and obesity 26

    Psychological stress and high blood pressure 110

    Psychotherapy and weight loss 39

    Pulmonary embolism 203

    Pumpkin seeds 76

    Pyridium 162

    Pyridoxine 177

    Pyruvate 141, 142
        and oxygen debt 142
        and thiamin 144

    Pythagorus 79

    PYY (Peptide YY) 124

    Q

    Quarter horses 146

    Quincy, Illinois and fluoride 228

    R

    Rabbit as food 3

    Radioactive iodine 226

    Radish sprouts 282

    Raisins 62,
        source of iron 220

    Rancid oil and fat 274

    RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance) 10, 164, 169, 232, 233, 272, 290, (see individual nutrients)

    Reaumur, Rene de 120

    Rectum 132

    Red meat, source of iron 221

    Refrigeration 274

    Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN), Registered Dietitian (RD) 11

    Rehydration 154

    Respirometer 18

    Retinoids, Retinol 193

    Retinol Activity Equivalents (RAE) 195

    Retinyl palmitate 195

    Rheumatism 180

    Rhodopsin 192, 205
        and vitamin A 194

    Rhubarb,
        and fiber 52
        and urine color 162,
        unsafe leaves 2

    Riboflavin 48, 167, 177, 181-182, 190
        in milk 89
        recommended intake 301-302

    Ribose 48, 85

    Ribosomes 83, 85, 86

    Rice 50, 76,
        and beriberi 136
        food for poor 54
        Golden and vitamin A 196
        polished 179,
        virus resistant 264

    Rice water 247

    Rickets 5, 197, 205, 214, 289 and vitamin D 193

    Rifampin 162

    RNA (ribonucleic acid) 48, 85 and folate 185

    Rockefeller Foundation 267

    Rolls, Barbara 36

    Roman peasant diet 70

    Roman Empire and lead 222

    Roman gladiators and meat 89

    Rose hips 171

    Rosset, Peter 268

    Rum 110

    Rumen 52, 186
        and hydrogenation 100

    Ruminants and cellulose 52

    Running 117

    S

    Saccharin 17, 48, 280

    Safety, definition 277

    Safrole 265

    Salad dressing, vinegar and salt 123

    Saliva 50, 55, 61, 122

    Salivary amylase 50, 122

    Salmonella 281, 284

    Salt 8, 110, 115, 210, 215
        and high blood pressure 110
        and urine 153, 162
        as food additive 277
        for microbe control 282
        iodized 289,
        source of iodine 221

    Salted pork 70

    Sanders, T. A. B. 79

    Sapodilla tree and fiber 52

    Sardines 210

    Satter, Ellyn 254

    Saturated fat 110, 113, 115
        Daily Value 290

    Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats 98

    Sauerbraten 74

    Sausages and botulism 283

    Schlesinger, Nicole and Debra 42

    Science, Scientific method 2, 7, 8

    Scurvy 5, 164, 167, 177, 190,
        discovery of cure 178

    Seafood, and iodine 226
        denatured by lime juice 74
        source of copper, fluoride, iodine, selenium 221

    Seal oil 94

    Seals, source of vitamin D 200

    Seaweed and fiber 52

    Secretin 124

    Seeds, source of copper 221

    Selenium 11, 221, 227
        for plants 261

    Seltzer 160

    Semen 71

    Senility and fat 106

    Serine 72

    Serotonin 62, 63, 183, 184

    Serving size 290

    Sesame seeds 97,
        and legumes 76
        rich in calcium 209

    Set Point 31,
        theory of obesity 26

    Sex hormones 103,
        and LDL 107

    Sexual desire and iron 221

    Sheep, and cobalt 186
        pasture raised 261

    Shellfish source of zinc 221

    Shigella 284

    Shoyu (soy sauce) 80

    Shrimp 180, 210

    Sickle cell anemia 73

    Silicon 229

    Silicon dioxide 278

    Simplesse, Simple Pleasures 97

    Skeleton 208

    Skin 169,
        orange color 194

    Skin cells 83

    Skinner, B. F. 39

    Slimfast 37

    Slug 215

    Small intestine 124, 129, 130

    Smell, and zinc 221
        receptors in the nose 123

    Smoking 109, 213, 242, 284
        and atherosclerosis, heart attack, lung cancer 108

    Socioeconomic groups and birth weight 245,
        and obesity 24

    Sodium 8, 11, 208, 210, 215-217, 218
        and high blood pressure 110

    Daily Value 290,
        deficiency 217
        in soft water 159,
        recommended intake 301-302
        retention 162

    Sodium acetate, alginate, aluminum phosphate, citrate 278

    Sodium bicarbonate (“baking soda”) 128, 162, 278

    Sodium chloride 110, (see Salt)

    Sodium propionate 277

    Solutes 161

    Solvent, water 150

    Sorbitol 48, 133, 278

    Sorghum 54, 70, 268, 270

    South Africa 269

    Soy milk 80, 209

    Soybeans 76, 273,
        and nitrogen 259
        and potatoes 77,
        and vitamin K 204
        in Japanese diet 114,
        protein 76

    Soy lecithin 102

    Soy sauce (shoyu) 210

    Spaghetti sauce and iron 285

    Sparkling water 160

    Sparta 79

    Spartanburg, South Carolina and pellagra 138

    Spenda 48

    Sphincter, definition 126

    Spices and cancer 265

    Spider mites in cotton 262

    Spinach 77, 193, 209, 210, 283
        source of iron 221
        source of lutein 197

    Spoilage 274

    Sports drink 65, 156, 157

    Spring water 160

    Squash, winter 193, 210

    Stabilizers and fiber 52

    Staphylococcus 281, 284

    Starch 47, 48, 49, 50, 55
        digestion 122, 270
        energy for plant reproduction 50

    Starvation 35, 38, 94
        and energy sources 147
        St. Bernard dog and smell 123

    Stearic acid 98

    Stefansson, Vohjalmur 94

    St. Martin, Alexis 121

    Stomach 120, 125, 129
        and appetite 33,
        contraction 121
        glands, muscles 126

    Stool 64

    Strawberries 168, 262

    Strength-and-power athletes 65

    Stroke 106, 109
        and high blood pressure 108

    Stunkard, Albert 24

    Stunted growth 246

    Subcutaneous fat 15

    Sucralose 48

    Sucrase 50,
        and microvilli 130

    Sucrose 48, 49, 156, 172

    Sucrose intolerance 132

    Sucrose polyester 98

    Suffocation 283

    Sugar 61, 172
        and moisture illusion 158
        and mood 62,
        as food additive 277

    DNA component 83
        for microbe control 282
        in carbohydrates 47, 55
        on labels 292

    Sugar beet, Sugar cane 49

    Sulfur for plants 260

    Sun sustains all life 45

    Sunette 48

    Sunflower oil 101

    Sunflower seeds 76, 89

    Sunkist 273

    Sunshine 164
        and vitamin D 193, 198, 199

    Swallowing 124,
        Swallowing air 127

    Sweat 153, 156

    Sweetness 50

    Sweet One 48

    Sweet potato 54, 77

    Sweets as rewards for children 248

    Swenson, Robert 161

    Swiss chard..77

    Switchgrass 56

    Symbiotic relationship 259

    Szent-Gyorgyi, Albert 178

    T

    Taboos about food 3, 267

    Takaki, K. 179

    Tang 273

    Tannins and iron 223

    Tap water 159

    Taro 269

    Tartaric acid 278

    Taste 123-124
        and nutrition 275,
        and zinc 221

    Taste buds 50, 123

    Tastes, basic five 123

    Taxol 265

    Tea, source of fluoride 221

    Teeth, and fluoride 221
        for cutting and grinding 122

    Tempeh for vitamin B12 80

    Temperature and bacteria control 281
        and ovulation 251

    Termites and cellulose 53

    Testosterone 108, 212

    Tetany 209

    Tetracycline 228

    Thalassemia 224

    Thales 79

    Thanksgiving turkey and water 158

    Thiamin 5, 11, 169, 177, 179-180, 190
        and beriberi 138,
        and pork 234
        recommended intake 301-302

    Thiaminase 180

    Thiamin pyrophosphate 144

    Thickeners and fiber 52

    Thirst 154, 156, 251

    Threonine 72

    Thrombin 204

    Thyroid 165
        and iodine 221, 225, 261
        hormone 226

    Tissue culture 269

    Tobacco 113, 284

    Tocopherols 193, 201, 278

    Toddler and nutrition education 249

    Tofu 209, 210,
        and rice 76

    Tolerable Upper Intake Value (UL) 232

    Tomatoes 193, 210
        source of lycopene 197

    Tongue 47, 122, 123

    Tooth decay 58, 61, 62
        and fluoride 221,
        and sugar 61

    Toothpaste and fluoride 228

    Torregrossa, Richard 43

    Tortillas 183, 209,
        and beans 76

    Total breakfast cereal 292

    Total fat, Daily Value 290

    Tour de France 66

    Toxins 154
        from plants 265,
        in plants 262

    Tragacanth gum 278

    Trans fat 101, 110
        and LDL levels 110

    Transfer RNA 86, 87

    Trichinella 282, 284

    Triglycerides 95, 111, 151
        and energy metabolism 144
        and energy storage 146

    Tropical oils 101

    Tryptophan 48, 62, 63, 181-183, 190 and niacin,
        and pellagra 138

    Tunisia and lysine 76

    Turkey and animal domestication 79

    Turnips 54

    Twin studies 25

    Typhoid 129

    Tyrosine 72

    U

    Ulcer and anemia 222

    UL (Tolerable Upper Limit) 183

    Ultraviolet light 181
        and vitamin D 10

    Umami, definition 123

    United Nations and pesticides 262

    United Nations report 268

    Urea, and amino acids 145
        and ammonia 88

    Uremia, Uremic toxicity 162

    Ureter 161

    Urinary tract infection 162

    Urine 17, 48, 153, 162, 178, 217
        and amonia 88,
        and glucose 58
        and ketones 38,
        and urea 145
        excreting vitamins 176

    Urochrome 162

    USDA (US Dept. of Agriculture) 8, 110, 234, 239, 258, 296
        and food grades 293
        Organic seal 296

    U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services (HHS) 110, 239

    U.S. Pellagra Hospital 138

    U.S. Public Health Service and pellagra 137

    USP (United States Pharmacopeia) 210

    Utah and locusts 262

    Uterus 242

    V

    Valine 72

    Valley Girls 40

    Vanadium 229

    Variety of foods, importance of 285

    Vegan burgers 223

    Vegan diet, and health 79
        and vitamin B12 90, 188
        and zinc 225,
        during pregnancy 244

    Vegetable Group 234

    Vegetable oil, and vitamin E 193

    Vegetables green leafy and vitamin K 193
        solid food for babies 248

    Vegetarian diet 64, 70, 78, 89
        and proteins 76
        and vitamin A 196

    Vermont prison study 26

    Vichysoisse 283

    Vigor and energy 19

    Villi in the small intestine 130

    Vinblastine, Vincristine 265

    Vinegar acetic acid 144
        as food additive 277
        for microbe control 282

    Viruses 264, 269
        and diabetes 59
        during pregnancy 242

    Vitamins (see individual vitamins) deficiency, definition 164
        fat-soluble 191
        myths 171
        names 10
        overdoses 192
        supplements 172
        synthetic 171
        water soluble 177

    Vitamin A (retinol, retinal, retinoic acid) 11, 164, 171, 172, 192-197
        and birth defects 279
        and blindness 5
        and vision 5
        deficiency worldwide 193
        during pregnancy 196, 244
        poisoning symptoms 196
        recommended intake 246, 301-302

    Vitamin B1 (see Thiamin) Vitamin B2 (see Riboflavin) Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine) 11, 166, 177, 181, 183-184
        and amino acids 145
        and protein synthesis 183
        in infant formula 183
        recommended intake 183, 301-302
        toxic dose 166

    Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) 5, 11, 126, 169, 173, 177, 186-188, 190
        absorption 130
        advice for the elderly 252
        in milk 89
        and cobalt 261
        and folate 187
        and vegan diets 79
        deficiency and nerve damage 187
        discovery 186
        during pregnancy 244
        in milk 89
        recommended intake 187, 301-302

    “Vitamin B15, B17” 10

    Vitamin C (ascorbic acid, ascorbate) 11, 94, 166, 168, 176-178, 273, 285
        and common cold 166
        and iron 223,
        and scurvy 176
        deficiency 178,
        for smokers 168
        recommended intake 178, 246, 301-302

    Vitamin D (ergocalciferol, cholecalciferol) 10, 11, 164, 192, 193, 197-200
        age dependent needs 200
        and blood calcium 209
        and the kidneys 162
        danger of excess 200
        recommended intake 246, 301-302

    Vitamin E (tocopherol, tocotrienol) 11, 192, 193, 200-202
        as food additive, antioxidant 277
        myths about 200
        recommended intake 201, 301-302
        toxicity 202

    Vitamin K (phylloquinone, menaquinones, menadione) 11, 131, 192, 193, 202-204
        and bacteria 10
        recommended intake 301-302
        shots for newborns 204

    Vitamin pill for vegans 80

    Vitamins (see individual vitamins) categories 10,
        fat soluble 136, 192
        “lab-made” vs. “natural” 170
        made by plants 260
        water soluble 136

    Vodka 110

    Vomiting 127, 154, 217, 284
        and bulimia 41
        and copper, iron, manganese 221

    Vomitoria, Roman 120

    W

    Waist size/circumference 109

    Wald, George 193

    Walter, Richard 176

    Washington 282

    Water 149, 150, 151, 153
        and athletic performance 156
        and the structure of food 157
        balance 154,
        in food 157, 158
        intoxication 155,
        overload 157
        required intake 155

    Watermelon and salt 123

    Weed control, pests 262

    Weevils in food 261

    Weight and high blood pressure 109

    Weight gain during pregnancy 244

    Weight loss 117,
        and water 16
        diets, schemes 23, 35, 38

    Weight Watcher’s 37

    Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome 190,

    Whale oil 94

    Wheat 50, 76,
        stone ground 74

    Wheat allergenicity 270

    Wheat germ 274,
        source of zinc 221

    Whisky 110,
        from corn 272

    White blood cells 83,
        and zinc 221

    White bread 274

    Whole wheat and fiber 275

    Wiley, Harvey 278

    Willow bark and aspirin 265

    Wilson’s disease and copper 228

    Windpipe 124

    Wine, alcohol content, from sugar 55

    Wine, red, source of chromium 221

    Winter squash 77

    Wolf, Stewart 125

    Women’s Health Initiative 213

    World Health Organization (WHO) 193

    World War II 71, 272

    Worms in food 261

    Wright brothers 266

    X

    Xerophthalmia, Xerox 193

    Y

    Yams 77

    Yeast 184, 189, and alcohol 55

    Yersinia enterocolitica 284

    Yew bark and taxol 265

    Yin, Yang, definition 3

    Yogurt 132, 181, 252

    Yolk, fat and cholesterol 71

    Yo-yo dieting 36

    Z

    Zilberman, David 269

    Zinc 11, 221, 225
        and puberty delay 225
        and vegan diet 244,
        deficiency 225
        for plants 261,
        toxicity 225
        recommended intake 301-302

    Zucchini 8

    Zygote 242

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