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Medicine LibreTexts

Index

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A

Aspartic acid 72

Abdominal (“belly”) fat 31, 109

Academy of Nutrition & Dietetics 11

Accutane 197

Acesulfame-K 48

Acetaldehyde 126

Acetic acid 150, 276, 278

Acetone 38, 276

Acetyl CoA 144-145

Acidophilus milk 132

Acidosis 147

Acne 197, and zinc 225

Adequate Intake (AI) 232

Adipose cells 15

Adoption studies and obesity 25

Aerobic metabolism 142, 143

Aflatoxin 285, 286

African-Americans and metabolic syndrome 109

Afterbirth 242

Agar 53, 276, 278

Aging, and vitamin E 202
    and artherosclerosis 108

Agricultural productivity 270

Agriculture beginning 258

Alanine 72

Albumin 90

Alcohol 180, absorption 121, 126
    and blood pressure 5, 110
    and breast cancer 114
    and breastfeeding 247
    and B-vitamins 169
    and calories 56
    and carbohydrate 55
    and dehydration 155
    and flushing 126
    and folate 185
    and HDL levels 112
    and nutrient absorption 213
    breakdown 126
    distillation 55
    during pregnancy 242

Alcohol dehydrogenase 126

Alcoholics/Alcoholism, and iron 224
    genetic tendency 59

Aldehyde dehdrogenase 126

Alexander the Great’s dinner 70

Algae 72

Algin 53

All-Bran 276

Allergies, reduced by breastfeeding 246

Almonds 182,
    and cyanide 265

Aluminum hydroxide 214

American Academy of Pediatrics’s Committee on Nutrition 248

American Cancer Society 236, 237

American Heart Association 236, 237
    and supplements 113

American Heart Association Diet 37

Ames, Bruce 280

Amines 284

Amino acids 38, 62, 69, 150, 183, 258, 264
    and DNA 81
    and energy metabolism 145
    and pellagra 138,
    chains 73
    essential 75,
    from plants 259
    in protein 72

Ammonia (NH3) 72, 150, 259
    and amino acids 145
    for plants 264,
    toxic levels 88

Ammonium citrate 278

Ammonium phosphates for plants 260

Amylopectin 50, 51

Amylose 50, 51, 52

Anabolism 139

Anaerobic, definition 141

Anecdotal evidence 8

Anemia 177, 184
    and copper, iron, lead 220-222
    and energy 19,
    and liver 5
    during pregnancy 243
    hemolytic, and vitamin E 193
    pernicious 186

Aneurin 177

Angina pectoris 79, 106

Animal, quality/quantity of protein 75

Animal tests of food additives 279

Annatto 278

Anorexia 42, 43

Anorexia nervosa 34, 40-43
    and menstruation 221

Antibiotics 165
    and vitamin K deficiency 204

Antibodies 72

Antioxidant 177, 178, 193, 277
    and selenium 221
    and vitamin E 201

Antivitamin 179, 189

Antlers, source of calcium 209

Anus 132

Aphids, in food 261

Apollonius of Tyana 79

Appetite 33, 38
    and Ghrelin, Leptin 5
    and older people 251

Apples, and pectin 52,
    and water 157

Apricots 193,
    and pests 262

Arctic Indians 94

Arginine 72

Aristotle, theory of disease 3

Arsenic 229

Arteries 106

Arthritis 165, and iron 224

Aru Island 3

Ascorbic acid, Ascorbate (see also Vitamin C) 177, 224, 277, 278
    anti-scorbutic 178
    as antioxidant 277, 278 (see also Vitamin C)

Ash, definition 5, 136

Asians and lactase 132

Asparagine 72

Asparagus, and fiber 52
    and grain 77,
    and urine 162

Aspartame 47, 48

Aspartate 72

Aspartic acid 47

Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) 165, 265
    during pregnancy 242

Athabascans and vitamin A 196

Atherosclerosis 106, 108, 110, 116

Athletic performance 145, 156

Atkins diet 37

ATP 19, 20, 140, 141, 208, 259

Autoimmune disease 59, 187

Avidin 189

B

Bacon 98, 283

Bacteria 164,
    and diarrhea 133
    and food borne illness 280
    and tooth decay 61
    and vitamin K 193, 203

Bagels 37

Bagoong 209

Bakalai, idea about food 3

Baked beans and bread 76

Baking soda 278

Baldness 181

Bananas 51, 96, 269

Bariatric surgery 130

Barley 76, 270,
    for beer 55

Basal metabolic rate (BMR) 14, 28

Basal metabolism 22, 29

Base pairing, bases, in DNA 83, 84

Beans and fiber 53, 111
    source of molybdenum 221

Bears, polar, source of vitamin D 200

Beaumont, William 121

Beef grades 293

Beer 70, 272,
    alcohol content 55
    and chromium 221, 229
    and malt 49,
    and scurvy 176
    and water 155

Beet greens 77

Beeturia 162

Behavior modification/weight loss 39

Belly fat 109

Benzoic acid, Benzoyl peroxide 278

Beriberi 5, 136, 138, 164, 169, 179, 190

Berries 177

Beta-carotene 171, 173, 220, 276

Beyer, Peter 267

BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole) 277, 278

BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) 277, 278

BIA (bioelectric impedance analysis) 31

Bicarbonate 128

Bieler, Henry 7, 8

Big Gulp 48

Big Mac calories 97

Bile 64, 128
    and pectin 52,
    composition 129

Bile acids 103, 111, 129, 130
    and HDL 107

Bile duct 128, 134

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 270

Biodiversity 269

Biotechnology 5, 257, 267, 268
    and insulin 59,
    and pests 262 and rice-tofu 77,
    in agriculture 263
    using bacteria 87

Biotin 11, 177, 189, 190
    recommended intake 301-302

Birds, energy for migration 97

Birth-control pills 114

Birth defects and vitamin A 193

Birth weight and survival 244

Bisphosphonates 214

Bladder 161

Blanch 274

Blanching, vegetables 74

Bleeding, and vitamin E 193

Blindness, night and vitamin A 192

Blind staggers and selenium 227

Blood, and glucose 58
    calcium for clotting 208
    clotting 108, 193, 203
    pressure 210
    white cells and vitamin A 195

Blood-cholesterol 107, 108

Blood plasma 215

Blood pressure 108, 109, 115
    and salt 216,
    and weight loss 38

Blood vessels and diabetes 59

Blood volume and water 154

Blueberries 298

BMR (basal metabolic rate) 14, 28, 29

Body heat 14, 20, 221

Body Mass Index (BMI) 30

Body type 22

Body weight regulation 26

Body Weight Planner 28

Bomb calorimeter 17

Bone marrow and vitamin B12 188

Bones 208

Boron 229

Boston Marathon and water use 157

Bottled water 160

Bottle mouth and tooth decay 62

Botulinum, Botulism 281, 283-285

Bourbon 272

Bowel movement 132

Brain, and ATP 146,
    and oxygen 106
    and stroke 106,
    energy needs 14
    formation 243

Bran and cellulose 52

Brazil 272,
    and ethanol production 56

BRCA-1 and 2 and breast cancer 114

Breast cancer 113-114

Breastfeeding 114
    and fat 16,
    and immunities 246
    importance 90, 247
    weight loss advantage 245

Breast milk 77, 214,
    and iron 223
    and vitamin D 200

Breast pump 247

Brewer’s yeast & chromium 221, 229

Brine 216

Broccoli 77, 171, 173, 177, 210, 236

Browning of sliced apples 277

Brown rice 54,
    and beriberi 136

Brussels sprouts 77, 177

Buchanan, Bob 270

Bulimarexia 40

Bulimia 40, 41, 251

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, and labeling 295

Burp 127

Buru Island 3

Bush, George HW 155

Butanol 276

Butter 95

Butylated hydroxytoluene 276

B-vitamins 165,
    additive 275
    and coenzymes 139,
    eight types 139

C

Cabbage 52,171, 204, 285

Caffeine 265, 276
    and breastfeeding 247
    during pregnancy 242

Calciferol 193

Calcitonin 211

Calcium 11, 193, 208-211
    absorption and vitamin D 199
    -alginate, -bromate, -lactate, -phosphate, -propionate, -silicate, -sorbate 278
    and colon cancer 64
    and high blood pressure 110
    and vegan diet 79, 244
    and vitamin C 190
    carbonate, citrate, gluconate 210
    for plants 260
    in blood 208
    in hard water 159
    in milk 89
    intake for girls 213
    -phosphates, -sulfate, for plants 260
    recommended intake 301-302

Calgene, Inc. 263

California 272, 282
    and wasps 262
    soils 260

Calories 13,
    content of foods 97
    definition 16,
    -dense foods 36
    for various activities 18, 29
    for vegans 80
    RDA during pregnancy 244

Calorimeter 17

Campbell Soup Company 263

Canada & folic acid fortification 292

Cancer 109, 112-114

Caproic acid 95

Caramel 278

Carbohydrate 5, 47, 177
    daily intake 60
    energy-providing nutrient 46

Carbohydrate loading, athletes 65-68

Carbohydrates 5, 47, 58, 69, 95, 177
    and health 57,
    and metabolism 144
    for diabetics 60

Carbon 95
    and cell energy 143,
    for plants 259

Carbon dioxide (CO2) 51, 150, 285
    for plants 259,
    from burning 46

Carbon monoxide 109

Carcinogens 64, 265, 284, 285

Cardiac sphincter 125

Cardiovascular disease 299

Carob bean gum 278

Carotemia 162

Carotene, Beta-carotene 194, 278

Carotenoids 193, 194
    cooking helps absorption 196

Carp 180

Carpenter, Karen 40

Carrageenan 52, 97, 276, 278

Carrot oil 278

Carrots 36, 50, 193, 272
    and pectin 52,
    and urine 162
    and vision 192,
    and vitamin A 195

Cassava 51, 53, 54, 285

Castle, William 186

Catabolism 139

Catalysts 49, 139

Cataracts 181 

CAT (computerized axial tomography) 212

Cats and vitamin A 194

Cattle, pasture raised 261

Caucasians, and lactase 132

Cauliflower 77, 204 Caveman
    and fat 15

CCK (cholecystokinin) 124

CDRR (Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intake) 216, 232, 301

C. dificile 131

Celery 52, 262

Celery juice 284

Cell membranes 94, 102
    and LDL 107

Cells 258,
    and energy use 140
    as separate lives 82
    energy needs 14
    life’s basic unit 82

Cellulite 15

Cellulose 48, 49, 51, 52, 56, 278

Centurion, British ship 176

Cereals 210
    solid food for babies 248
    source of iron 221

Ceviche 74, 75

Chateau Margaux 1976 123

Cheese 196, 272, 294

Cheilosis 167

Chelates 224

Cheops 70

Chernobyl 225, 261

Chewing gum 52

Chicken, grades 293

Chicle and fiber 52

Childbearing problems 197, 220

China 269,
    and selenium 227
    Ho the Physician 3

Chinese diet 91

Chitin 53

Chloride 11, 208, 210, 215, 217

Chlorophyll 47, 194, 258
    and magnesium 214
    as color additive 276

Chocolate 95, 96, 238

Cholecystokinin (CCK) 124

Cholera 75, 154

Cholesterol 101, 103, 107-112, 165, 182
    and gallstones 129
    and pectin 52
    and vitamin D 198

Choline 102

ChooseMyPlate 234

Chromium 11, 221, 229

Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intake (CDRR) 216, 232, 301

Chyme 127, 130

Cimetidine/Tagamet 128

Cirrhosis and iron 224

Citrates 224

Citric acid 277, 278

Citrus 177

Citrus fruits 210

Citrus red no. 2 278

Clams 180

Clostridium botulinum 283, 284

Club soda 160

Coal tar dyes as food additives 276

Cobalamin 10, 177, 186

Cobalt 186, for plants 261

Coca-Cola 62

Cocaine during pregnancy 242

Coconut oil 95, 99, 101

Cod-liver oil and vitamin D 198

Coenzymes 139, 164, 176, 177, 181, 182, 185
    and niacin, riboflavin 144
    and vitamins, as carriers 139

Coenzyme A 189, 190
    and pantothenic acid 144

Cofactor in metabolism 210

Coffee 183, 276

Coleman, Ellen 66

Collagen 221

Collard greens 77, 210

Colon (large intestine) 63, 124, 130
    and bacterial life 131
    and cancer 58, 63, 64, 210, 288
    and cholesterol 111
    and water absorption 130

Common cold 166

Complementary Plant Proteins 77

Complex carbohydrates 49

Compost 259

Condiments and fat 97

Constipation 132, 173
    and fiber 63, 64
    and iron supplements 224

Convenience foods 235, 273

Cook, James (Captain) 178

Copper 11, 221, 227-228
    and hemoglobin 227
    deficiency and zinc 225
    plumbing, utensils 228

Corn 50, 51, 74, 76, 77, 183, 269, 283
    for alcohol 55,
    syrup 48

Corn blight 266

Corned beef 272

Corn meal 51

Corn oil 51, 98

Cornstarch 51

Corn syrup 51, 61

Coronary arteries 103, 106

Cotton 52

Coumadin, Coumarin 203

Couscous 91

Cow’s milk 248

Cramps 210, 221

Cream of tartar 278

Creatine 141

Creatine phosphate 19

Criminality and sugar 62

CRISPR-Cas gene editing 263

Croissant 95

Crop yields 266

Crossbreeding and pests 262

Crusades and nutrition 3

Cyanide 265

Cyclamate 48, 280

Cysteine 72

Cystic fibrosis and vitamin E 201

Cytoplasm 83, 140

D

Daily Value (DV) 290, 301

Dairy products 115, 221

Dam, Hendrik 202

Dean Ornish Diet 37

Death rates as population ages 108

Defecation 132

Defibrillators 113

Dehydrated beets 278

Dehydration 153,
    and diarrhea 133

Delaney Clause 279, 284

Denaturing of proteins 74

Dental disease and vegan diets 79

Deoxyribose 85

Dept. of Agriculture and labeling 295

Dept. of the Interior and labeling 295

Depression 71, 177, 251

Dermatitis 177

Detergents and fat 128

DEXA (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry) 212

Dextrose (glucose) 48, 51, 55

Diabetes 58, 106, 115, 153, 165
    and artherosclerosis 108
    and obesity 6,
    and weight loss 38
    definition 58,
    gestational 60
    prevalence 58,
    treatment 60
    type 1, type 2 58, 59

Dialysis 154

Diamond, Harvey 11

Diaphragm 128

Diarrhea 94, 133, 153, 177, 186, 210, 217, 282, 284
    and copper, iron, zinc 221
    and emotions 133
    and infant formula 247
    and lactose 132,
    and vitamin A 193

Diet, and colon cancer 64
    effects on weight 21
    for diabetics 59, 60

Dietary fat and heart disease 5

Dietary Guidelines 65

Advisory Committee 110

Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs) 110, 111, 235, 236, 239-240

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) 232, 239-240

Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) 166

Dietary supplements 166

Dietitians 231

Diet plans, foods 28

Diet soft drinks 273

Digestion 120-122,
    and emotions 133

Digestive enzymes 126

Digestive tract/chambers 122

Digitalis 164,
    and foxglove 265

Diglycerides 276, 278

Dimethyl sulfide 276

Disaccharides 49, 56, 122

Disodium guanylate 278

Distilled water 160

Diuretics 40, 152, 218

Diverticulosis 58, 63, 173

DiVine Ripe tomato 264

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) 48, 83
    and folate 185

Dogs 3, 153

Doisy, Edward 203

Dolomite, source of calcium 210

Double-blind study 9, 62

Double helix, DNA structure 84

Dowager’s hump 211

Downy mildew 269

Drought 285

DSHEA (Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act) 166

Duodenum 126, 127

Durian 123

Dutch Crown and beriberi 136

E

Eber’s Papyrus 192

E. coli (Escherichia coli) 281, 282

Ecology 257, 266, 270

Economy Class Syndrome 203

Ectomorph 22, 33

Edema 162, 216

EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) 278

Egg lecithin 102

Eggs 111, 210, 252
    size and grades 293
    source of iron 221

Egg whites 111

Egg yolks, and cholesterol 111
    and vitamin E 193
    and vitamin K 204

Egypt 70, 272
    and zinc deficiency 225

Eijkman, Christiaan 136, 139

Einstein 8

Electrolytes 154, 208, 215, 218
    and bulimia 40

Embryo 242

Emotions and appetite 34

Emulsifier 52, 102, 128

Endometrial cancer 213

Endomorph 22, 33

Endurance events 65

England, 1840s depression 70

Enriched refined grain 292

Environment and obesity 24

Environmental clean up by plants 261

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 160, 258

Enzymes 50, 55, 74, 180
    and amino acids 72
    and digestion 49, 121
    and food deterioration 274
    and zinc 225
    biological catalysts 49, 139
    of soil bacteria 259

Epidemiology, definition 9

Epiglottis 124

Epithelial tissues, and vitamin A 195

Equal 47, 48

Eskimos 94, 112

Esophagus 124, 125
    and cancer 284,
    and heartburn 126

Essential amino acids 88

Essential fats 94

Essential nutrient defined 9

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) 232

Estrogen 108, 114, 211, 212
    and breast cancer 114

Estrogen-replacement therapy 213

Ethanol 56, 276,
    from corn 55

Evaporation of water 153

Evolution 176,
    and fat 23

Exercise 117,
    and HDL levels 112
    and weight loss 32,
    habits 249
    importance for the elderly 252

Ex-Lax 162

Experimental group 9

Extracellular water 151, 215

Eyes 122, 193

F

Fabricated foods 273

Falafel 76

Families and obesity 24

Fasting and digestion 134

Fat 105,
    and calories 115
    and moisture illusion 158
    content calculations 116
    energy content 96
    saturated vs. unsaturated 111

Fat cells (adipose cells) 15

Fatigue 284,
    and iron 221

Fatness, measurement 31

Fats 5, 93
    and energy metabolism 144, 145
    and LDL levels 110
    fatty acid composition 100
    time in stomach 128

Fat-soluble vitamins 95

Fat substitutes 97

Fatty acids 94, 95, 100, 111, 201
    and biotin coenzymes 189

Fava beans and urine color 162

FDA (Food and Drug Administration) 101, 278

FD & C blue #1, red #40, yellow #5 278

Fecal contamination 282

Fecal transplants 131

Feces 153

Fermentation, and alcohol 55
    and food preservation 272

Ferrous sulfate 224

Fertility and breastfeeding 245

Fertilizer 8, 258

Fetal alcohol syndrome 242

Fetus 242

Fever 221, 284

Fiber 17, 52, 53, 60, 63, 73, 111, 115, 275
    and constipation 133
    and feces water 153
    and LDL levels 111
    Daily Value 290

Fibrillate 112

Fibrin, Fibrinogen 203

Fig Newtons 296

Filth and food regulation 261

Fingernails and selenium 221, 227

Fish 99, 210,
    and fatty acids 99
    and vitamin D 193
    benefit in the diet 112;
    oil 94, 95

Fish and chips 123

Fit for Life 11, 18

Fitzgibbons, Judy 298

Flatulence, Flatus 131

Flavr Savr tomato 264, 275

Fleas 265

Florida 260, 272, 273

Flour, enriched 289

Fluoride 11, 221, 228-229
    and tooth decay 228
    for plants 261;
    in water 159
    recommended intake 301-302

Fluorosis 228

Folate (folic acid, folacin) 11, 95, 173, 177, 184-186, 190
    and orange juice 234
    and pregnancy 185, 243
    fortification (folic acid) 292
    recommended intake 301-302
    synthetic folate (folic acid) 185

Folic Acid (see Folate)

Fonda, Jane 40

Food additives 276

Food Additives Amendment 278

Food and Drug Act 261

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 183, 258, 262
    and labeling 295

Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) 89, 232, 239-240

Food composition tables 8

Food First 268

Food label 288, 299

Food processing 273

Formaldehyde 150

Fosamax 214

Foxglove 164

Frankfurters 115, 116, 216
    and botulism 283

French fries 95

French Revolution 4

Frito-Lay and trans fat 101

Fructose 48

Fruit Loops 54

Fruits, and fiber 111,
    dried 210
    solid food for babies 248

Fulani tribe 132

Fumarates 224

Fungicide from plants 264

Funk, Casimir 137

Furan diacetyl 276

Future of Food Symposium 270

G

Gag reflex 125

Galactose 48, 54, 132,
    and pectin 52

Galesburg, Illinois, and fluoride 228

Gallbladder, gallstones 124, 128, 129

Garbanzo beans 76

Garlic 162, 227

Gasoline 19, 47

Gastric bypass 130

Gastrin 124

Gelatin 278

Genes 24, 84, 268
    and artherosclerosis 108
    in plants 260

Genetically Modified Foods 268

Genetically modified organism (GMO) 263

Genetic code 84 Genetic diversity 266

Genetic engineering 269

Genomics 268

GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease) 126

Ghrelin 5, 33, 124

Gin 110

GIP (Glucose-dependent insulinotrophic peptide) 124

Global warming 47

Glucagon 58, 128

Glucose 48, 55, 58, 95, 132, 151, 176
    and appetite 33,
    and metabolism 140
    and the brain 38,
    and yeast 55

Glutamate, glutamic acid, glutamine 72

Gluttony 20

Glycemic Index 54

Glycerin 95

Glycerol 95, 151, 278

Glycine 72

Glycogen 38, 48, 49, 51, 58, 147
    atorage and the athlete 65-68

Glycolysis 140, 141

Goblet cells 83

Goiter 289,
    and iodine 221, 226, 285

Goitrogens 285

Goldberger, Joseph 137, 138, 141

Gout and molybdenum 221

Grades of food 292

Grains, source of chromium, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium 220-221

Grapefruit enzymes 74

Grapefruit Diet 37

Grape Nuts 276

Grapes, and pests 262
    for wine 55,
    sugar content 21

GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) 279

Great Plains 272

Greek peasant diet 70

Greek Regimen in Health 3

Green beans 77, 283

Greenhouse gas 47

Green leafy vegetables 168, 182, 209, 210,
    and vitamin K 204
    source of iron 220

Greens 193 Greyhounds 146

Grits in the South 70

Ground squirrel, golden-mantled 26

Group Support for weight loss 39

Guar gum 53, 276, 278

Guatemala and vitamin A 194

Gulf War 272

Gum arabic 53, 278

Gum ghatti 278

Gums and fiber 52

Gut microbiome 131

H

Hair and selenium 221, 227

Halvah 209

Ham 216,
    and botulism 283

Hangover 169

Hawaii 272

HbA1c (Hemoglobin A1c) 58

HDL (see high-density lipoprotein) 107-108, 111-112, 117-118

Headache 94, 177, 284

Health Canada 232, 239

Health Claims that Meet Significant Scientific Agreement 291

Health foods 273

Health Regimen of Salerno (Italy) 4

Heart 182, and selenium 221

Heart attack 106, 108, 109
    and high blood pressure 108

Heartbeat 210,
    and potassium 217

Heartburn 126

Heart disease 109, 113, 114
    and dietary fat 106
    and obesity 6
    and trans fat 101

Heart failure and iron 221

Heat stroke 155

Heme iron 222-223

Hemicellulose 52

Hemochromatosis 221, 224

Hemoglobin 146, 184, 220, 221, 222
    and amino acids 73,
    and bile 129
    breakdown product 162

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 58

Hemophilia 203

Hemorrhagic disease 265

Hemorrhagic stroke 108
    and alcohol 110

Hemorrhoids 63, 64

Hepatitis A virus 284

Herbal supplements 166
Heredity, and fatness 21
    and fat 14,
    and vitamin B12 188

Herring 180

Hershey chocolate 23, 299

Heterozygotes 224

High blood pressure and artherosclerosis 108
    and sodium 215-216
    definition 108

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) 107

High-fructose corn syrup 48, 51, 54

Hippocrates 3, 71, 120

Histidine 72

HIV/AIDS and breastfeeding 247

Hoarding behavior 26

Hodgkins, Dorothy 186

Hollandaise 102

Homogenization of milk 128

Homozygotes 224

Honey 48, 61;
    and infants 285

Hong Kong and methionine 76

Hopkins, Frederick 5

Hormone-replacement therapy 114

Hormones 189
    and amino acids 72
    chemical messangers 122 d
    efinition 58

H. pylori bacteria 126, 128

Hubei Province, China 227

Hudson’s Bay Company 94

Human genome 84

Human microbiome 131

Hummingbird, ruby-throated 26

Hummus 76

Hybrid corn 266

Hydrated carbon 47

Hydrochloric acid 40, 126, 217

Hydrogen 95,
    and cell energy 143
    for plants 259

Hydrogenated Fats 100, 101

Hydrogen peroxide 278

Hydrolyzed vegetable protein 278

Hyena as food 3

Hyperactivity 58, 62

Hyperlipidemias and vegan diets 79

Hypoglycemia 61

Hypothalamus and appetite 33

I

Ice cream and calcium and fat 291

Idaho 272, 282

Impossible Burger 223

Impotence 109

Indian diet 91

Indigestion & contaminated food 134

Indirect calorimetry 18

Indoles 173

Indonesia 136

Infant botulism 285

Infant death and water 154

Infant Formula Act 183

Infections and iron 221

Infertility and lead 222

Ingenhousz, Jan 46

Inositol 48

Insect parts in food 261

Insulin 58, 59, 73, 128, 165
    and chromium 221
    and the kidneys 162
    and tryptophan 63

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) 262

Intestines 120, 121

Intracellular water 151, 215

Intrinsic factor 126, 186

Iodine 11, 221, 225-227
    and goiter 285
    excess 226,
    for plants 261
    recommended intake 301-302

Ions 215

Iran, and wasps 262
    and zinc deficiency 225

Ireland, potato diet 70

Iron 11, 220-225
    absorption 178
    additive 275,
    amounts in food 222
    and vegan diet 79, 90, 244
    and vitamin C 190
    deficiency 79, 184, 220
    for babies 248,
    for plants 260
    fortification and supplements 224
    in drinking water 159
    non-heme 222, 223
    pots and pans 224
    recommended intake 208, 223, 243, 301-302;
    toxicity 224

Ironman Triathlon 68

Irradiation for microbe control 282, 286

Isoleucine 72

Isoprene 276

Isotretinoin 197

Italy and pellagra 137

J

Jack-in-the-Box hamburgers 282

Japan 114, 179, 282
    and breast cancer 114

Jaundice 284,
    and vitamin K 193

Java 136

Jell-O 74

Jenny Craig 37

Jet lag and dehydration 155

Jixian, China and iodine 226

John, Elton 40

Junk food and children 250

K

Kale and legumes 77

Kellogg All-Bran cereal 288

Keshan’s disease & selenium 227

Ketones 38,
    and starvation 147

Ketosis 35, 37, 147

Kidney 153, 162, 182, 216
    and excess protein 88
    and high blood pressure 109
    and vitamin D 199
    damage and lead 222
    damage, and vitamin D 193
    disease 161, 218,
    stones 166, 210

Kidney failure 282,
    and diabetes 59

Kidney beans 76

Kiebsiella and vitamin B12 80

Kilocalorie (kcal), definition 16

Kim chee 216

Krebs, Hans 143

Kwashiorkor 90, 245

L

Labeling 287,
    definitions 294

Lactase 50, 132,
    and microvilli 130

Lactation and folate 185,
    and vegan diet 244
    increased RDAs 246

Lactic acid 278
    and energy supply 142
    and muscle 75,
    in athletes 75

Lactobacillus acidophilus 132

Lacto-ovo vegetarian 89

Lactose 48, 49, 62, 209

Lactose intolerance 132, 133

Laetrile 10

Lasorda, Tommy 14

Lavoisier, Antoine 4, 9, 46, 71

Laws of energy conservation 31

Laxatives 40, 98, 133

LDL-cholesterol 107, 110-111, 117

Lead in drinking water, in paint 159
    in soil 261,
    toxic effects 159, 222

Lean body mass 117

Lecithin 102

Leghemoglobin 223

Legumes 76, 210,
    and nitrogen 259
    source of iron, zinc 221

Lemaux, Peggy C. 268

Lemon and acidity 122

Leptin 5, 31

Leucine 72

Leukemia 83, 265

Lightning and nitrogen 259

Lignin 52

Lima beans 76, 77
    and cyanide 265, 285

Lime juice for scurvy 178

Lime water 209

Lincoln, Abraham, son Willie 129

Lind, James, cure for scurvy 177

Linoleic acid 94, 99
    and stearic acid 100

Linolenic acid 94, 99, 100

Lion as food 3

Lipid definition 102

Lipoproteins 107, 117

Listeria monocytogenes 284

Lister Institute 137

Liver 128, 182, 192, 193
    and glucose 58,
    and glycogen 51
    and HDL 107
    and pernicious anemia 5, 186
    and sugar 55
    and Vitamin A, K 192, 193
    and vitamin D 199
    damage 166, 193
    digestive secretions 128
    extract 184
    source of B vitamins 177
    source of chromium, copper 221
    source of iron 220, 221
    source of vitamin A 195

Liver damage and copper 221

Locust bean gum 53, 278

Love and food 34

Low-calorie diet 117

Low-carbohydrate diet 35, 37

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) 107

Lung cancer 108, 109, 112-114

Lutein 197

Lycopene 197,
    and prostate cancer 114

Lynen, Feodor 145

Lysine 72, 89, 270
    and corn 138,
    in wheat 76

M

Macedonia 70

MacKinac Island, Michigan 121

Macquer 71

Macrobiotic 178

Magnesium 11, 95, 208, 210, 214-215
    in hard water 159
    recommended intake 301-302

Magnesium carbonate 278

Malnutrition 54, 91, 95, 236, 266

Malt 49

Maltol 278

Maltose 48, 49
    and yeast 55,
    from cornstarch 55

Manganese 11, 221, 228

Mannitol 48, 133

Manure 259

Maple syrup 61

Marasmus 90

Marathon 19, 20

Margarine 274,
    and vitamin E 193

Market identification, penetration 273

Marrow and iron 223

Masa harina, 209

Mayer, Julius 46

Mayonnaise 294
    and fat 97,
    ingredients 102

McDonald’s burgers 97, 282

Mead, Margaret 20

Measles and vitamin A 193

Meat, and vitamin K 193
    in the American diet 71
    source of selenium 221
    source of zinc 221

Medicines from plants 265

Melanin and tyrosine 90

Membrane 215,
    cell 83

Menkes’ steely hair disease, and copper 228

Menopause 114, 211, 213
    and breast cancer 114

Menstruation absence from anorexia 41
    and breast cancer 114
    and nutrition 251,
    loss of iron 220

Mercaptan 162

Meringue 71

Mesomorph 22, 33

Messenger RNA 85, 86

Metabolic Syndrome 109

Metabolism 19, 210, 248, 285
    amino acid 177, 183
    and Leptin 5,
    biotin 189
    carbohydrate, fat, protein 177
    cofactor 221,
    definition 139
    energy 180

Methane 150

Methanol 276

Methionine 72
    limiting amino acid in legumes 76

Methotrexate and folate 185

Methyl acetate, butanol, formate 276

Methylene blue 162

Methylfuran 276

Methylparaben 278

Mexican-Americans and gallstones 129
    and metabolic syndrome 110

Microorganisms 258, 272, 274, 280
    and cellulose 52
    make vitamin B12 186

Microvilli 130

Middle Eastern diet 91

Midtown Manhattan Study 24

Migraine 180

Milk 62, 111, 115, 181, 210
    and lactose 132,
    and vitamin K 193
    as a source of nutrients 89
    mother’s 182
    source of selenium, zinc 221
    vitamin-D-fortified 289
    water and fat content 158

Minerals 10, 60, 207,
    absorption 121
    amount in human body 208
    for plants 260,
    trace 219

Mineral water 160

Minnesota starvation study 26

Minot, George 186

Mint in Priestley experiment 46

Miscarriage 284

Miso, for vitamin B12 80
    source of zinc 225

Mississippi River 272

Mites in food 261

Mitochondria 83, 142, 143

Modified food starch 278

Molasses 70
    for rum 55,
    source of iron 220

Molds 281, 285

Molotov cocktail 17

Molybdenum 11, 221, 229

Monocalcium phosphate 278

Monoglycerides 278

Monosaccharides 48, 56, 122

Monounsaturated fatty acid 99

Moroccan ideas about food 3

Morphine 164

Mosquito abatement 262

Mouth and digestion 122

MSG (monosodium glutamate) 123, 216, 278

Mucin, lubricant for food 122

Mucus 126

Muffins 37

Murphy, Suzanne P. 239

Murphy, William 186

Muscle 89
    cramps 209,
    glycogen 51

Muscle cells 83
    fast and slow twitch 146

Mushrooms 177
    source of chromium 221

Mustard greens 77

Myoglobin 146,
    source of iron 222

MyPlate eating guide 234-236, 239

N

Napoleon 272

National Academy of Science’s National Research Council 232-233

National Organic Program 296

National Seed Storage Laboratory 266

Native Americans and gallstones 129,
    and lactase 132

Natto 80

Nausea 133, 177, 210, 284
    and manganese, zinc 221

Neotame 48

Nephrons 161

Nerve cells 83

Nerve gases, poison 265, 283

Neural tube, and folate 243
    defect in the fetus 185 Neurobiology 5

Newborns and iron 223

Niacin, Nicotinic acid, Nicotinamide, Niacinamide 11, 111, 112, 138, 141, 165, 166, 190, 165, 177, 182-183, 190
    and energy metabolism 141
    and LDL 111;
    and pellagra 138
    recommended intake 301-302

Nicholas Appert 272

Nickel 229

Nicotine 109, 112, 182

Nigeria 132

Night-eating syndrome 26

Nightshade 2

Nitrate (NO3) 259

Nitrite, and botulism 283
    as a food additive 284

Nitrogen, and amino acids 145
    disposal in urine 88,
    for plants 259
    gaseous 259,
    in air 46
    in ammonia 72

Nitrosamines,
    and tobacco 284

Nobel Prize 5, 143, 145, 178, 186, 193, 203,
    No-effect dose of food additive 278

Non-caloric, definition 17

Non-heme iron, food sources 223

Norovirus 281, 284

Nose and eating 122

Nosebleeds 112

Nucleic acid and folate 185

Nucleus of the cell 83

NuSun 101

NutraSweet 47, 48

Nutrient fortification 275

Nutrient loss with food processing 275

Nutri-System 37

Nutrition blending of Oriental and Greek 4
    information law 288,
    of plants 258

Nutritionists 10, 232

Nutrition Labeling & Education Act 288

Nutritive value, food preparation 274

Nuts:source of chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum 221
    source of phosphorus 210

O

Oat bran 298

Obesity 5, 20, 21, 24, 28, 39, 40, 114, 115, 299;
    and diabetes 59, 110
    and HDL 112,
    definition 16
    metabolic syndrome 109, 110

Obestatin 124

Odwalla juice 282

Oil lamps 96

Okra 77

Oleic acid 98

Olestra 97

Olive oil 98, 99

Olives and pests 262

Omega-3 fatty acids 99
    in the Eskimo diet 112

Omega-6 fatty acids 99

Opaque-2 gene 267

Optifast 35

Oranges 171
    and pectin 52,
    and water 157

Oreo cookies 295

Organic farming 259

Organic foods 296

Oscar Mayer 284

Osteomalacia 197
    and vitamin D 193, 199

Osteoporosis 210, 211-214
    and alcohol 213
    and calcium 213, 291
    and gender, genes 212
    and vegans 80,
    and vitamin D 193

Ovarian cancer 265

Overweight 117

Ovulation and temperature 251

Oxalic acid 210,
    and iron 223

Oxygen 95, 184,
    and burning 17, 46
    and cell energy 143
    and plants 259, 260
    carried by hemoglobin 220
    damage to food 274,
    discovery 4

Oysters, source of zinc 225

P

Paint and lead 222

Palate 124

Palm oil 95, 99, 101

Palmitate 195

Pancreas 58, 124, 128, 165
    digestive secretions 128

Pangamic acid 10

Pantothenic acid 11, 177, 188-189, 190
    recommended intake 301-302

Papaya 193, 269

Parathormone 211

Pasteurized milk 74, 282

Peaches 51

Peanut allergy 265

Peanut butter 98, 100

Peanut butter sandwich 76

Peanuts 76,
    and cellulose 52

Pearl millet hybrid 269

Peas 50,
    and grain 77,
    and nitrogen 259

Pectin 52, 278,
    as food additive 276

Peer review 8, 9

Pellagra 137, 138, 164, 168, 181, 182, 190, 289, 292

Penicillin 83

Peppers 177

Pepsin 124

Peristalsis 124

Periwinkle and cancer drugs 265

Persian Gulf War 265

Personality disorder 24

Perspiration 153, 216

Peru, alcohol production 55
    and cholera 75

Pesticides 258, 261, 262, 269
    natural and synthetic 265

Pests 269

Phenothiazines 162

Phenylalanine 47, 72

Philippino farmers 269

Philo of Alexandria 79

Phosphate, DNA component 83

Phosphates 278

Phosphocreatine and ATP 141

Phospholipids 101, 102, 214

Phosphoric acid 278

Phosphorus 11, 193, 208, 210, 213-4
    absorption and vitamin D 199
    for plants 260
    recommended intake 301-302

Photosynthesis 46, 140, 204, 259

Physical activity 32, 117, 118
    and appetite 33,
    and calories 29

Phytic acid,
    and iron 223
    and zinc deficiency 225

Pickles 216

Pigeons and beriberi 137

Pinch test to measure body fat 31

Pineapple, denaturing 74

Pinto beans 76

Pizza 235, 238

Placebo effect 9, 172, 173
    and appetite 34

Placenta 242

Plant foods 115

Plant proteins in combination 76

Plumbing, source of copper 221

Plums and pests 262

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 269

Polyneuritis 136

Polysaccharides 49,
    in beans 131

Polysorbate 278

Polyunsaturated fat 99, 201

Pomegranates 298

Popcorn 37

Pop Warner football 44

Pork and trichinella 284
    source of thiamin 179

Potassium 11, 40, 95, 173, 208, 210, 215, 217-218, 275
    for plants 260
    recommended intake 301-302

Potassium alginate, bitartrate, bromate, sorbate 278

Potassium chloride for plants 260

Potato 51, 96, 168, 177, 210, 269
    blight 70, 263,
    chips 275
    energy content 96,
    toxic leaves 2

Potrykus, Igor 267

Prebiotic 131

Precambrian Era 150

Predators instead of pesticides 262

Preservation of food 274

Priestley, Joseph 46

Primeval atmosphere 259

Probiotic 131

Progestogen 213

Proline 72

Proof, measure of alcohol content 55

Propionaldehyde 276

Propionic acid 278

Propylene glycol 278

Propyl gallate, paraben 278

Prostate cancer 113

Protein 69, 96, 181
    amount needed 88,
    and vegans 80
    chain of amino acids 84
    combining grain and legume 76
    digestion 122,
    energy content 97
    from eggs 76
    from grain and roots 53
    Greek word origin 72
    identification 5,
    in egg white 71
    meats, milk, cheeses, and eggs 70
    needs for athletes 89
    plant sources 70
    RDA during pregnancy 244
    shapes 73,
    source of nitrogen 259
    synthesis 82, 182

Protein deficiency and poverty 90

Proteins 38
    and energy metabolism 145
    and iron 221,
    from plants 259
    from plants and animals 77
    time in stomach 128

Protein-sparing diet 35

Provitamin A 193, 194

Prudent diet 236

Prunes, and cellulose 52
    source of iron 220

Psychiatry and obesity 26

Psychological stress and high blood pressure 110

Psychotherapy and weight loss 39

Pulmonary embolism 203

Pumpkin seeds 76

Pyridium 162

Pyridoxine 177

Pyruvate 141, 142
    and oxygen debt 142
    and thiamin 144

Pythagorus 79

PYY (Peptide YY) 124

Q

Quarter horses 146

Quincy, Illinois and fluoride 228

R

Rabbit as food 3

Radioactive iodine 226

Radish sprouts 282

Raisins 62,
    source of iron 220

Rancid oil and fat 274

RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance) 10, 164, 169, 232, 233, 272, 290, (see individual nutrients)

Reaumur, Rene de 120

Rectum 132

Red meat, source of iron 221

Refrigeration 274

Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN), Registered Dietitian (RD) 11

Rehydration 154

Respirometer 18

Retinoids, Retinol 193

Retinol Activity Equivalents (RAE) 195

Retinyl palmitate 195

Rheumatism 180

Rhodopsin 192, 205
    and vitamin A 194

Rhubarb,
    and fiber 52
    and urine color 162,
    unsafe leaves 2

Riboflavin 48, 167, 177, 181-182, 190
    in milk 89
    recommended intake 301-302

Ribose 48, 85

Ribosomes 83, 85, 86

Rice 50, 76,
    and beriberi 136
    food for poor 54
    Golden and vitamin A 196
    polished 179,
    virus resistant 264

Rice water 247

Rickets 5, 197, 205, 214, 289 and vitamin D 193

Rifampin 162

RNA (ribonucleic acid) 48, 85 and folate 185

Rockefeller Foundation 267

Rolls, Barbara 36

Roman peasant diet 70

Roman Empire and lead 222

Roman gladiators and meat 89

Rose hips 171

Rosset, Peter 268

Rum 110

Rumen 52, 186
    and hydrogenation 100

Ruminants and cellulose 52

Running 117

S

Saccharin 17, 48, 280

Safety, definition 277

Safrole 265

Salad dressing, vinegar and salt 123

Saliva 50, 55, 61, 122

Salivary amylase 50, 122

Salmonella 281, 284

Salt 8, 110, 115, 210, 215
    and high blood pressure 110
    and urine 153, 162
    as food additive 277
    for microbe control 282
    iodized 289,
    source of iodine 221

Salted pork 70

Sanders, T. A. B. 79

Sapodilla tree and fiber 52

Sardines 210

Satter, Ellyn 254

Saturated fat 110, 113, 115
    Daily Value 290

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats 98

Sauerbraten 74

Sausages and botulism 283

Schlesinger, Nicole and Debra 42

Science, Scientific method 2, 7, 8

Scurvy 5, 164, 167, 177, 190,
    discovery of cure 178

Seafood, and iodine 226
    denatured by lime juice 74
    source of copper, fluoride, iodine, selenium 221

Seal oil 94

Seals, source of vitamin D 200

Seaweed and fiber 52

Secretin 124

Seeds, source of copper 221

Selenium 11, 221, 227
    for plants 261

Seltzer 160

Semen 71

Senility and fat 106

Serine 72

Serotonin 62, 63, 183, 184

Serving size 290

Sesame seeds 97,
    and legumes 76
    rich in calcium 209

Set Point 31,
    theory of obesity 26

Sex hormones 103,
    and LDL 107

Sexual desire and iron 221

Sheep, and cobalt 186
    pasture raised 261

Shellfish source of zinc 221

Shigella 284

Shoyu (soy sauce) 80

Shrimp 180, 210

Sickle cell anemia 73

Silicon 229

Silicon dioxide 278

Simplesse, Simple Pleasures 97

Skeleton 208

Skin 169,
    orange color 194

Skin cells 83

Skinner, B. F. 39

Slimfast 37

Slug 215

Small intestine 124, 129, 130

Smell, and zinc 221
    receptors in the nose 123

Smoking 109, 213, 242, 284
    and atherosclerosis, heart attack, lung cancer 108

Socioeconomic groups and birth weight 245,
    and obesity 24

Sodium 8, 11, 208, 210, 215-217, 218
    and high blood pressure 110

Daily Value 290,
    deficiency 217
    in soft water 159,
    recommended intake 301-302
    retention 162

Sodium acetate, alginate, aluminum phosphate, citrate 278

Sodium bicarbonate (“baking soda”) 128, 162, 278

Sodium chloride 110, (see Salt)

Sodium propionate 277

Solutes 161

Solvent, water 150

Sorbitol 48, 133, 278

Sorghum 54, 70, 268, 270

South Africa 269

Soy milk 80, 209

Soybeans 76, 273,
    and nitrogen 259
    and potatoes 77,
    and vitamin K 204
    in Japanese diet 114,
    protein 76

Soy lecithin 102

Soy sauce (shoyu) 210

Spaghetti sauce and iron 285

Sparkling water 160

Sparta 79

Spartanburg, South Carolina and pellagra 138

Spenda 48

Sphincter, definition 126

Spices and cancer 265

Spider mites in cotton 262

Spinach 77, 193, 209, 210, 283
    source of iron 221
    source of lutein 197

Spoilage 274

Sports drink 65, 156, 157

Spring water 160

Squash, winter 193, 210

Stabilizers and fiber 52

Staphylococcus 281, 284

Starch 47, 48, 49, 50, 55
    digestion 122, 270
    energy for plant reproduction 50

Starvation 35, 38, 94
    and energy sources 147
    St. Bernard dog and smell 123

Stearic acid 98

Stefansson, Vohjalmur 94

St. Martin, Alexis 121

Stomach 120, 125, 129
    and appetite 33,
    contraction 121
    glands, muscles 126

Stool 64

Strawberries 168, 262

Strength-and-power athletes 65

Stroke 106, 109
    and high blood pressure 108

Stunkard, Albert 24

Stunted growth 246

Subcutaneous fat 15

Sucralose 48

Sucrase 50,
    and microvilli 130

Sucrose 48, 49, 156, 172

Sucrose intolerance 132

Sucrose polyester 98

Suffocation 283

Sugar 61, 172
    and moisture illusion 158
    and mood 62,
    as food additive 277

DNA component 83
    for microbe control 282
    in carbohydrates 47, 55
    on labels 292

Sugar beet, Sugar cane 49

Sulfur for plants 260

Sun sustains all life 45

Sunette 48

Sunflower oil 101

Sunflower seeds 76, 89

Sunkist 273

Sunshine 164
    and vitamin D 193, 198, 199

Swallowing 124,
    Swallowing air 127

Sweat 153, 156

Sweetness 50

Sweet One 48

Sweet potato 54, 77

Sweets as rewards for children 248

Swenson, Robert 161

Swiss chard..77

Switchgrass 56

Symbiotic relationship 259

Szent-Gyorgyi, Albert 178

T

Taboos about food 3, 267

Takaki, K. 179

Tang 273

Tannins and iron 223

Tap water 159

Taro 269

Tartaric acid 278

Taste 123-124
    and nutrition 275,
    and zinc 221

Taste buds 50, 123

Tastes, basic five 123

Taxol 265

Tea, source of fluoride 221

Teeth, and fluoride 221
    for cutting and grinding 122

Tempeh for vitamin B12 80

Temperature and bacteria control 281
    and ovulation 251

Termites and cellulose 53

Testosterone 108, 212

Tetany 209

Tetracycline 228

Thalassemia 224

Thales 79

Thanksgiving turkey and water 158

Thiamin 5, 11, 169, 177, 179-180, 190
    and beriberi 138,
    and pork 234
    recommended intake 301-302

Thiaminase 180

Thiamin pyrophosphate 144

Thickeners and fiber 52

Thirst 154, 156, 251

Threonine 72

Thrombin 204

Thyroid 165
    and iodine 221, 225, 261
    hormone 226

Tissue culture 269

Tobacco 113, 284

Tocopherols 193, 201, 278

Toddler and nutrition education 249

Tofu 209, 210,
    and rice 76

Tolerable Upper Intake Value (UL) 232

Tomatoes 193, 210
    source of lycopene 197

Tongue 47, 122, 123

Tooth decay 58, 61, 62
    and fluoride 221,
    and sugar 61

Toothpaste and fluoride 228

Torregrossa, Richard 43

Tortillas 183, 209,
    and beans 76

Total breakfast cereal 292

Total fat, Daily Value 290

Tour de France 66

Toxins 154
    from plants 265,
    in plants 262

Tragacanth gum 278

Trans fat 101, 110
    and LDL levels 110

Transfer RNA 86, 87

Trichinella 282, 284

Triglycerides 95, 111, 151
    and energy metabolism 144
    and energy storage 146

Tropical oils 101

Tryptophan 48, 62, 63, 181-183, 190 and niacin,
    and pellagra 138

Tunisia and lysine 76

Turkey and animal domestication 79

Turnips 54

Twin studies 25

Typhoid 129

Tyrosine 72

U

Ulcer and anemia 222

UL (Tolerable Upper Limit) 183

Ultraviolet light 181
    and vitamin D 10

Umami, definition 123

United Nations and pesticides 262

United Nations report 268

Urea, and amino acids 145
    and ammonia 88

Uremia, Uremic toxicity 162

Ureter 161

Urinary tract infection 162

Urine 17, 48, 153, 162, 178, 217
    and amonia 88,
    and glucose 58
    and ketones 38,
    and urea 145
    excreting vitamins 176

Urochrome 162

USDA (US Dept. of Agriculture) 8, 110, 234, 239, 258, 296
    and food grades 293
    Organic seal 296

U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services (HHS) 110, 239

U.S. Pellagra Hospital 138

U.S. Public Health Service and pellagra 137

USP (United States Pharmacopeia) 210

Utah and locusts 262

Uterus 242

V

Valine 72

Valley Girls 40

Vanadium 229

Variety of foods, importance of 285

Vegan burgers 223

Vegan diet, and health 79
    and vitamin B12 90, 188
    and zinc 225,
    during pregnancy 244

Vegetable Group 234

Vegetable oil, and vitamin E 193

Vegetables green leafy and vitamin K 193
    solid food for babies 248

Vegetarian diet 64, 70, 78, 89
    and proteins 76
    and vitamin A 196

Vermont prison study 26

Vichysoisse 283

Vigor and energy 19

Villi in the small intestine 130

Vinblastine, Vincristine 265

Vinegar acetic acid 144
    as food additive 277
    for microbe control 282

Viruses 264, 269
    and diabetes 59
    during pregnancy 242

Vitamins (see individual vitamins) deficiency, definition 164
    fat-soluble 191
    myths 171
    names 10
    overdoses 192
    supplements 172
    synthetic 171
    water soluble 177

Vitamin A (retinol, retinal, retinoic acid) 11, 164, 171, 172, 192-197
    and birth defects 279
    and blindness 5
    and vision 5
    deficiency worldwide 193
    during pregnancy 196, 244
    poisoning symptoms 196
    recommended intake 246, 301-302

Vitamin B1 (see Thiamin) Vitamin B2 (see Riboflavin) Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine) 11, 166, 177, 181, 183-184
    and amino acids 145
    and protein synthesis 183
    in infant formula 183
    recommended intake 183, 301-302
    toxic dose 166

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) 5, 11, 126, 169, 173, 177, 186-188, 190
    absorption 130
    advice for the elderly 252
    in milk 89
    and cobalt 261
    and folate 187
    and vegan diets 79
    deficiency and nerve damage 187
    discovery 186
    during pregnancy 244
    in milk 89
    recommended intake 187, 301-302

“Vitamin B15, B17” 10

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid, ascorbate) 11, 94, 166, 168, 176-178, 273, 285
    and common cold 166
    and iron 223,
    and scurvy 176
    deficiency 178,
    for smokers 168
    recommended intake 178, 246, 301-302

Vitamin D (ergocalciferol, cholecalciferol) 10, 11, 164, 192, 193, 197-200
    age dependent needs 200
    and blood calcium 209
    and the kidneys 162
    danger of excess 200
    recommended intake 246, 301-302

Vitamin E (tocopherol, tocotrienol) 11, 192, 193, 200-202
    as food additive, antioxidant 277
    myths about 200
    recommended intake 201, 301-302
    toxicity 202

Vitamin K (phylloquinone, menaquinones, menadione) 11, 131, 192, 193, 202-204
    and bacteria 10
    recommended intake 301-302
    shots for newborns 204

Vitamin pill for vegans 80

Vitamins (see individual vitamins) categories 10,
    fat soluble 136, 192
    “lab-made” vs. “natural” 170
    made by plants 260
    water soluble 136

Vodka 110

Vomiting 127, 154, 217, 284
    and bulimia 41
    and copper, iron, manganese 221

Vomitoria, Roman 120

W

Waist size/circumference 109

Wald, George 193

Walter, Richard 176

Washington 282

Water 149, 150, 151, 153
    and athletic performance 156
    and the structure of food 157
    balance 154,
    in food 157, 158
    intoxication 155,
    overload 157
    required intake 155

Watermelon and salt 123

Weed control, pests 262

Weevils in food 261

Weight and high blood pressure 109

Weight gain during pregnancy 244

Weight loss 117,
    and water 16
    diets, schemes 23, 35, 38

Weight Watcher’s 37

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome 190,

Whale oil 94

Wheat 50, 76,
    stone ground 74

Wheat allergenicity 270

Wheat germ 274,
    source of zinc 221

Whisky 110,
    from corn 272

White blood cells 83,
    and zinc 221

White bread 274

Whole wheat and fiber 275

Wiley, Harvey 278

Willow bark and aspirin 265

Wilson’s disease and copper 228

Windpipe 124

Wine, alcohol content, from sugar 55

Wine, red, source of chromium 221

Winter squash 77

Wolf, Stewart 125

Women’s Health Initiative 213

World Health Organization (WHO) 193

World War II 71, 272

Worms in food 261

Wright brothers 266

X

Xerophthalmia, Xerox 193

Y

Yams 77

Yeast 184, 189, and alcohol 55

Yersinia enterocolitica 284

Yew bark and taxol 265

Yin, Yang, definition 3

Yogurt 132, 181, 252

Yolk, fat and cholesterol 71

Yo-yo dieting 36

Z

Zilberman, David 269

Zinc 11, 221, 225
    and puberty delay 225
    and vegan diet 244,
    deficiency 225
    for plants 261,
    toxicity 225
    recommended intake 301-302

Zucchini 8

Zygote 242

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