Index
- Page ID
- 61874
A
Aspartic acid 72
Abdominal (“belly”) fat 31, 109
Academy of Nutrition & Dietetics 11
Accutane 197
Acesulfame-K 48
Acetaldehyde 126
Acetic acid 150, 276, 278
Acetone 38, 276
Acetyl CoA 144-145
Acidophilus milk 132
Acidosis 147
Acne 197, and zinc 225
Adequate Intake (AI) 232
Adipose cells 15
Adoption studies and obesity 25
Aerobic metabolism 142, 143
Aflatoxin 285, 286
African-Americans and metabolic syndrome 109
Afterbirth 242
Agar 53, 276, 278
Aging, and vitamin E 202
and artherosclerosis 108
Agricultural productivity 270
Agriculture beginning 258
Alanine 72
Albumin 90
Alcohol 180, absorption 121, 126
and blood pressure 5, 110
and breast cancer 114
and breastfeeding 247
and B-vitamins 169
and calories 56
and carbohydrate 55
and dehydration 155
and flushing 126
and folate 185
and HDL levels 112
and nutrient absorption 213
breakdown 126
distillation 55
during pregnancy 242
Alcohol dehydrogenase 126
Alcoholics/Alcoholism, and iron 224
genetic tendency 59
Aldehyde dehdrogenase 126
Alexander the Great’s dinner 70
Algae 72
Algin 53
All-Bran 276
Allergies, reduced by breastfeeding 246
Almonds 182,
and cyanide 265
Aluminum hydroxide 214
American Academy of Pediatrics’s Committee on Nutrition 248
American Cancer Society 236, 237
American Heart Association 236, 237
and supplements 113
American Heart Association Diet 37
Ames, Bruce 280
Amines 284
Amino acids 38, 62, 69, 150, 183, 258, 264
and DNA 81
and energy metabolism 145
and pellagra 138,
chains 73
essential 75,
from plants 259
in protein 72
Ammonia (NH3) 72, 150, 259
and amino acids 145
for plants 264,
toxic levels 88
Ammonium citrate 278
Ammonium phosphates for plants 260
Amylopectin 50, 51
Amylose 50, 51, 52
Anabolism 139
Anaerobic, definition 141
Anecdotal evidence 8
Anemia 177, 184
and copper, iron, lead 220-222
and energy 19,
and liver 5
during pregnancy 243
hemolytic, and vitamin E 193
pernicious 186
Aneurin 177
Angina pectoris 79, 106
Animal, quality/quantity of protein 75
Animal tests of food additives 279
Annatto 278
Anorexia 42, 43
Anorexia nervosa 34, 40-43
and menstruation 221
Antibiotics 165
and vitamin K deficiency 204
Antibodies 72
Antioxidant 177, 178, 193, 277
and selenium 221
and vitamin E 201
Antivitamin 179, 189
Antlers, source of calcium 209
Anus 132
Aphids, in food 261
Apollonius of Tyana 79
Appetite 33, 38
and Ghrelin, Leptin 5
and older people 251
Apples, and pectin 52,
and water 157
Apricots 193,
and pests 262
Arctic Indians 94
Arginine 72
Aristotle, theory of disease 3
Arsenic 229
Arteries 106
Arthritis 165, and iron 224
Aru Island 3
Ascorbic acid, Ascorbate (see also Vitamin C) 177, 224, 277, 278
anti-scorbutic 178
as antioxidant 277, 278 (see also Vitamin C)
Ash, definition 5, 136
Asians and lactase 132
Asparagine 72
Asparagus, and fiber 52
and grain 77,
and urine 162
Aspartame 47, 48
Aspartate 72
Aspartic acid 47
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) 165, 265
during pregnancy 242
Athabascans and vitamin A 196
Atherosclerosis 106, 108, 110, 116
Athletic performance 145, 156
Atkins diet 37
ATP 19, 20, 140, 141, 208, 259
Autoimmune disease 59, 187
Avidin 189
B
Bacon 98, 283
Bacteria 164,
and diarrhea 133
and food borne illness 280
and tooth decay 61
and vitamin K 193, 203
Bagels 37
Bagoong 209
Bakalai, idea about food 3
Baked beans and bread 76
Baking soda 278
Baldness 181
Bananas 51, 96, 269
Bariatric surgery 130
Barley 76, 270,
for beer 55
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) 14, 28
Basal metabolism 22, 29
Base pairing, bases, in DNA 83, 84
Beans and fiber 53, 111
source of molybdenum 221
Bears, polar, source of vitamin D 200
Beaumont, William 121
Beef grades 293
Beer 70, 272,
alcohol content 55
and chromium 221, 229
and malt 49,
and scurvy 176
and water 155
Beet greens 77
Beeturia 162
Behavior modification/weight loss 39
Belly fat 109
Benzoic acid, Benzoyl peroxide 278
Beriberi 5, 136, 138, 164, 169, 179, 190
Berries 177
Beta-carotene 171, 173, 220, 276
Beyer, Peter 267
BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole) 277, 278
BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) 277, 278
BIA (bioelectric impedance analysis) 31
Bicarbonate 128
Bieler, Henry 7, 8
Big Gulp 48
Big Mac calories 97
Bile 64, 128
and pectin 52,
composition 129
Bile acids 103, 111, 129, 130
and HDL 107
Bile duct 128, 134
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 270
Biodiversity 269
Biotechnology 5, 257, 267, 268
and insulin 59,
and pests 262 and rice-tofu 77,
in agriculture 263
using bacteria 87
Biotin 11, 177, 189, 190
recommended intake 301-302
Birds, energy for migration 97
Birth-control pills 114
Birth defects and vitamin A 193
Birth weight and survival 244
Bisphosphonates 214
Bladder 161
Blanch 274
Blanching, vegetables 74
Bleeding, and vitamin E 193
Blindness, night and vitamin A 192
Blind staggers and selenium 227
Blood, and glucose 58
calcium for clotting 208
clotting 108, 193, 203
pressure 210
white cells and vitamin A 195
Blood-cholesterol 107, 108
Blood plasma 215
Blood pressure 108, 109, 115
and salt 216,
and weight loss 38
Blood vessels and diabetes 59
Blood volume and water 154
Blueberries 298
BMR (basal metabolic rate) 14, 28, 29
Body heat 14, 20, 221
Body Mass Index (BMI) 30
Body type 22
Body weight regulation 26
Body Weight Planner 28
Bomb calorimeter 17
Bone marrow and vitamin B12 188
Bones 208
Boron 229
Boston Marathon and water use 157
Bottled water 160
Bottle mouth and tooth decay 62
Botulinum, Botulism 281, 283-285
Bourbon 272
Bowel movement 132
Brain, and ATP 146,
and oxygen 106
and stroke 106,
energy needs 14
formation 243
Bran and cellulose 52
Brazil 272,
and ethanol production 56
BRCA-1 and 2 and breast cancer 114
Breast cancer 113-114
Breastfeeding 114
and fat 16,
and immunities 246
importance 90, 247
weight loss advantage 245
Breast milk 77, 214,
and iron 223
and vitamin D 200
Breast pump 247
Brewer’s yeast & chromium 221, 229
Brine 216
Broccoli 77, 171, 173, 177, 210, 236
Browning of sliced apples 277
Brown rice 54,
and beriberi 136
Brussels sprouts 77, 177
Buchanan, Bob 270
Bulimarexia 40
Bulimia 40, 41, 251
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, and labeling 295
Burp 127
Buru Island 3
Bush, George HW 155
Butanol 276
Butter 95
Butylated hydroxytoluene 276
B-vitamins 165,
additive 275
and coenzymes 139,
eight types 139
C
Cabbage 52,171, 204, 285
Caffeine 265, 276
and breastfeeding 247
during pregnancy 242
Calciferol 193
Calcitonin 211
Calcium 11, 193, 208-211
absorption and vitamin D 199
-alginate, -bromate, -lactate, -phosphate, -propionate, -silicate, -sorbate 278
and colon cancer 64
and high blood pressure 110
and vegan diet 79, 244
and vitamin C 190
carbonate, citrate, gluconate 210
for plants 260
in blood 208
in hard water 159
in milk 89
intake for girls 213
-phosphates, -sulfate, for plants 260
recommended intake 301-302
Calgene, Inc. 263
California 272, 282
and wasps 262
soils 260
Calories 13,
content of foods 97
definition 16,
-dense foods 36
for various activities 18, 29
for vegans 80
RDA during pregnancy 244
Calorimeter 17
Campbell Soup Company 263
Canada & folic acid fortification 292
Cancer 109, 112-114
Caproic acid 95
Caramel 278
Carbohydrate 5, 47, 177
daily intake 60
energy-providing nutrient 46
Carbohydrate loading, athletes 65-68
Carbohydrates 5, 47, 58, 69, 95, 177
and health 57,
and metabolism 144
for diabetics 60
Carbon 95
and cell energy 143,
for plants 259
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 51, 150, 285
for plants 259,
from burning 46
Carbon monoxide 109
Carcinogens 64, 265, 284, 285
Cardiac sphincter 125
Cardiovascular disease 299
Carob bean gum 278
Carotemia 162
Carotene, Beta-carotene 194, 278
Carotenoids 193, 194
cooking helps absorption 196
Carp 180
Carpenter, Karen 40
Carrageenan 52, 97, 276, 278
Carrot oil 278
Carrots 36, 50, 193, 272
and pectin 52,
and urine 162
and vision 192,
and vitamin A 195
Cassava 51, 53, 54, 285
Castle, William 186
Catabolism 139
Catalysts 49, 139
Cataracts 181
CAT (computerized axial tomography) 212
Cats and vitamin A 194
Cattle, pasture raised 261
Caucasians, and lactase 132
Cauliflower 77, 204 Caveman
and fat 15
CCK (cholecystokinin) 124
CDRR (Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intake) 216, 232, 301
C. dificile 131
Celery 52, 262
Celery juice 284
Cell membranes 94, 102
and LDL 107
Cells 258,
and energy use 140
as separate lives 82
energy needs 14
life’s basic unit 82
Cellulite 15
Cellulose 48, 49, 51, 52, 56, 278
Centurion, British ship 176
Cereals 210
solid food for babies 248
source of iron 221
Ceviche 74, 75
Chateau Margaux 1976 123
Cheese 196, 272, 294
Cheilosis 167
Chelates 224
Cheops 70
Chernobyl 225, 261
Chewing gum 52
Chicken, grades 293
Chicle and fiber 52
Childbearing problems 197, 220
China 269,
and selenium 227
Ho the Physician 3
Chinese diet 91
Chitin 53
Chloride 11, 208, 210, 215, 217
Chlorophyll 47, 194, 258
and magnesium 214
as color additive 276
Chocolate 95, 96, 238
Cholecystokinin (CCK) 124
Cholera 75, 154
Cholesterol 101, 103, 107-112, 165, 182
and gallstones 129
and pectin 52
and vitamin D 198
Choline 102
ChooseMyPlate 234
Chromium 11, 221, 229
Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intake (CDRR) 216, 232, 301
Chyme 127, 130
Cimetidine/Tagamet 128
Cirrhosis and iron 224
Citrates 224
Citric acid 277, 278
Citrus 177
Citrus fruits 210
Citrus red no. 2 278
Clams 180
Clostridium botulinum 283, 284
Club soda 160
Coal tar dyes as food additives 276
Cobalamin 10, 177, 186
Cobalt 186, for plants 261
Coca-Cola 62
Cocaine during pregnancy 242
Coconut oil 95, 99, 101
Cod-liver oil and vitamin D 198
Coenzymes 139, 164, 176, 177, 181, 182, 185
and niacin, riboflavin 144
and vitamins, as carriers 139
Coenzyme A 189, 190
and pantothenic acid 144
Cofactor in metabolism 210
Coffee 183, 276
Coleman, Ellen 66
Collagen 221
Collard greens 77, 210
Colon (large intestine) 63, 124, 130
and bacterial life 131
and cancer 58, 63, 64, 210, 288
and cholesterol 111
and water absorption 130
Common cold 166
Complementary Plant Proteins 77
Complex carbohydrates 49
Compost 259
Condiments and fat 97
Constipation 132, 173
and fiber 63, 64
and iron supplements 224
Convenience foods 235, 273
Cook, James (Captain) 178
Copper 11, 221, 227-228
and hemoglobin 227
deficiency and zinc 225
plumbing, utensils 228
Corn 50, 51, 74, 76, 77, 183, 269, 283
for alcohol 55,
syrup 48
Corn blight 266
Corned beef 272
Corn meal 51
Corn oil 51, 98
Cornstarch 51
Corn syrup 51, 61
Coronary arteries 103, 106
Cotton 52
Coumadin, Coumarin 203
Couscous 91
Cow’s milk 248
Cramps 210, 221
Cream of tartar 278
Creatine 141
Creatine phosphate 19
Criminality and sugar 62
CRISPR-Cas gene editing 263
Croissant 95
Crop yields 266
Crossbreeding and pests 262
Crusades and nutrition 3
Cyanide 265
Cyclamate 48, 280
Cysteine 72
Cystic fibrosis and vitamin E 201
Cytoplasm 83, 140
D
Daily Value (DV) 290, 301
Dairy products 115, 221
Dam, Hendrik 202
Dean Ornish Diet 37
Death rates as population ages 108
Defecation 132
Defibrillators 113
Dehydrated beets 278
Dehydration 153,
and diarrhea 133
Delaney Clause 279, 284
Denaturing of proteins 74
Dental disease and vegan diets 79
Deoxyribose 85
Dept. of Agriculture and labeling 295
Dept. of the Interior and labeling 295
Depression 71, 177, 251
Dermatitis 177
Detergents and fat 128
DEXA (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry) 212
Dextrose (glucose) 48, 51, 55
Diabetes 58, 106, 115, 153, 165
and artherosclerosis 108
and obesity 6,
and weight loss 38
definition 58,
gestational 60
prevalence 58,
treatment 60
type 1, type 2 58, 59
Dialysis 154
Diamond, Harvey 11
Diaphragm 128
Diarrhea 94, 133, 153, 177, 186, 210, 217, 282, 284
and copper, iron, zinc 221
and emotions 133
and infant formula 247
and lactose 132,
and vitamin A 193
Diet, and colon cancer 64
effects on weight 21
for diabetics 59, 60
Dietary fat and heart disease 5
Dietary Guidelines 65
Advisory Committee 110
Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs) 110, 111, 235, 236, 239-240
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) 232, 239-240
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) 166
Dietary supplements 166
Dietitians 231
Diet plans, foods 28
Diet soft drinks 273
Digestion 120-122,
and emotions 133
Digestive enzymes 126
Digestive tract/chambers 122
Digitalis 164,
and foxglove 265
Diglycerides 276, 278
Dimethyl sulfide 276
Disaccharides 49, 56, 122
Disodium guanylate 278
Distilled water 160
Diuretics 40, 152, 218
Diverticulosis 58, 63, 173
DiVine Ripe tomato 264
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) 48, 83
and folate 185
Dogs 3, 153
Doisy, Edward 203
Dolomite, source of calcium 210
Double-blind study 9, 62
Double helix, DNA structure 84
Dowager’s hump 211
Downy mildew 269
Drought 285
DSHEA (Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act) 166
Duodenum 126, 127
Durian 123
Dutch Crown and beriberi 136
E
Eber’s Papyrus 192
E. coli (Escherichia coli) 281, 282
Ecology 257, 266, 270
Economy Class Syndrome 203
Ectomorph 22, 33
Edema 162, 216
EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) 278
Egg lecithin 102
Eggs 111, 210, 252
size and grades 293
source of iron 221
Egg whites 111
Egg yolks, and cholesterol 111
and vitamin E 193
and vitamin K 204
Egypt 70, 272
and zinc deficiency 225
Eijkman, Christiaan 136, 139
Einstein 8
Electrolytes 154, 208, 215, 218
and bulimia 40
Embryo 242
Emotions and appetite 34
Emulsifier 52, 102, 128
Endometrial cancer 213
Endomorph 22, 33
Endurance events 65
England, 1840s depression 70
Enriched refined grain 292
Environment and obesity 24
Environmental clean up by plants 261
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 160, 258
Enzymes 50, 55, 74, 180
and amino acids 72
and digestion 49, 121
and food deterioration 274
and zinc 225
biological catalysts 49, 139
of soil bacteria 259
Epidemiology, definition 9
Epiglottis 124
Epithelial tissues, and vitamin A 195
Equal 47, 48
Eskimos 94, 112
Esophagus 124, 125
and cancer 284,
and heartburn 126
Essential amino acids 88
Essential fats 94
Essential nutrient defined 9
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) 232
Estrogen 108, 114, 211, 212
and breast cancer 114
Estrogen-replacement therapy 213
Ethanol 56, 276,
from corn 55
Evaporation of water 153
Evolution 176,
and fat 23
Exercise 117,
and HDL levels 112
and weight loss 32,
habits 249
importance for the elderly 252
Ex-Lax 162
Experimental group 9
Extracellular water 151, 215
Eyes 122, 193
F
Fabricated foods 273
Falafel 76
Families and obesity 24
Fasting and digestion 134
Fat 105,
and calories 115
and moisture illusion 158
content calculations 116
energy content 96
saturated vs. unsaturated 111
Fat cells (adipose cells) 15
Fatigue 284,
and iron 221
Fatness, measurement 31
Fats 5, 93
and energy metabolism 144, 145
and LDL levels 110
fatty acid composition 100
time in stomach 128
Fat-soluble vitamins 95
Fat substitutes 97
Fatty acids 94, 95, 100, 111, 201
and biotin coenzymes 189
Fava beans and urine color 162
FDA (Food and Drug Administration) 101, 278
FD & C blue #1, red #40, yellow #5 278
Fecal contamination 282
Fecal transplants 131
Feces 153
Fermentation, and alcohol 55
and food preservation 272
Ferrous sulfate 224
Fertility and breastfeeding 245
Fertilizer 8, 258
Fetal alcohol syndrome 242
Fetus 242
Fever 221, 284
Fiber 17, 52, 53, 60, 63, 73, 111, 115, 275
and constipation 133
and feces water 153
and LDL levels 111
Daily Value 290
Fibrillate 112
Fibrin, Fibrinogen 203
Fig Newtons 296
Filth and food regulation 261
Fingernails and selenium 221, 227
Fish 99, 210,
and fatty acids 99
and vitamin D 193
benefit in the diet 112;
oil 94, 95
Fish and chips 123
Fit for Life 11, 18
Fitzgibbons, Judy 298
Flatulence, Flatus 131
Flavr Savr tomato 264, 275
Fleas 265
Florida 260, 272, 273
Flour, enriched 289
Fluoride 11, 221, 228-229
and tooth decay 228
for plants 261;
in water 159
recommended intake 301-302
Fluorosis 228
Folate (folic acid, folacin) 11, 95, 173, 177, 184-186, 190
and orange juice 234
and pregnancy 185, 243
fortification (folic acid) 292
recommended intake 301-302
synthetic folate (folic acid) 185
Folic Acid (see Folate)
Fonda, Jane 40
Food additives 276
Food Additives Amendment 278
Food and Drug Act 261
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 183, 258, 262
and labeling 295
Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) 89, 232, 239-240
Food composition tables 8
Food First 268
Food label 288, 299
Food processing 273
Formaldehyde 150
Fosamax 214
Foxglove 164
Frankfurters 115, 116, 216
and botulism 283
French fries 95
French Revolution 4
Frito-Lay and trans fat 101
Fructose 48
Fruit Loops 54
Fruits, and fiber 111,
dried 210
solid food for babies 248
Fulani tribe 132
Fumarates 224
Fungicide from plants 264
Funk, Casimir 137
Furan diacetyl 276
Future of Food Symposium 270
G
Gag reflex 125
Galactose 48, 54, 132,
and pectin 52
Galesburg, Illinois, and fluoride 228
Gallbladder, gallstones 124, 128, 129
Garbanzo beans 76
Garlic 162, 227
Gasoline 19, 47
Gastric bypass 130
Gastrin 124
Gelatin 278
Genes 24, 84, 268
and artherosclerosis 108
in plants 260
Genetically Modified Foods 268
Genetically modified organism (GMO) 263
Genetic code 84 Genetic diversity 266
Genetic engineering 269
Genomics 268
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease) 126
Ghrelin 5, 33, 124
Gin 110
GIP (Glucose-dependent insulinotrophic peptide) 124
Global warming 47
Glucagon 58, 128
Glucose 48, 55, 58, 95, 132, 151, 176
and appetite 33,
and metabolism 140
and the brain 38,
and yeast 55
Glutamate, glutamic acid, glutamine 72
Gluttony 20
Glycemic Index 54
Glycerin 95
Glycerol 95, 151, 278
Glycine 72
Glycogen 38, 48, 49, 51, 58, 147
atorage and the athlete 65-68
Glycolysis 140, 141
Goblet cells 83
Goiter 289,
and iodine 221, 226, 285
Goitrogens 285
Goldberger, Joseph 137, 138, 141
Gout and molybdenum 221
Grades of food 292
Grains, source of chromium, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium 220-221
Grapefruit enzymes 74
Grapefruit Diet 37
Grape Nuts 276
Grapes, and pests 262
for wine 55,
sugar content 21
GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) 279
Great Plains 272
Greek peasant diet 70
Greek Regimen in Health 3
Green beans 77, 283
Greenhouse gas 47
Green leafy vegetables 168, 182, 209, 210,
and vitamin K 204
source of iron 220
Greens 193 Greyhounds 146
Grits in the South 70
Ground squirrel, golden-mantled 26
Group Support for weight loss 39
Guar gum 53, 276, 278
Guatemala and vitamin A 194
Gulf War 272
Gum arabic 53, 278
Gum ghatti 278
Gums and fiber 52
Gut microbiome 131
H
Hair and selenium 221, 227
Halvah 209
Ham 216,
and botulism 283
Hangover 169
Hawaii 272
HbA1c (Hemoglobin A1c) 58
HDL (see high-density lipoprotein) 107-108, 111-112, 117-118
Headache 94, 177, 284
Health Canada 232, 239
Health Claims that Meet Significant Scientific Agreement 291
Health foods 273
Health Regimen of Salerno (Italy) 4
Heart 182, and selenium 221
Heart attack 106, 108, 109
and high blood pressure 108
Heartbeat 210,
and potassium 217
Heartburn 126
Heart disease 109, 113, 114
and dietary fat 106
and obesity 6
and trans fat 101
Heart failure and iron 221
Heat stroke 155
Heme iron 222-223
Hemicellulose 52
Hemochromatosis 221, 224
Hemoglobin 146, 184, 220, 221, 222
and amino acids 73,
and bile 129
breakdown product 162
Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 58
Hemophilia 203
Hemorrhagic disease 265
Hemorrhagic stroke 108
and alcohol 110
Hemorrhoids 63, 64
Hepatitis A virus 284
Herbal supplements 166
Heredity, and fatness 21
and fat 14,
and vitamin B12 188
Herring 180
Hershey chocolate 23, 299
Heterozygotes 224
High blood pressure and artherosclerosis 108
and sodium 215-216
definition 108
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) 107
High-fructose corn syrup 48, 51, 54
Hippocrates 3, 71, 120
Histidine 72
HIV/AIDS and breastfeeding 247
Hoarding behavior 26
Hodgkins, Dorothy 186
Hollandaise 102
Homogenization of milk 128
Homozygotes 224
Honey 48, 61;
and infants 285
Hong Kong and methionine 76
Hopkins, Frederick 5
Hormone-replacement therapy 114
Hormones 189
and amino acids 72
chemical messangers 122 d
efinition 58
H. pylori bacteria 126, 128
Hubei Province, China 227
Hudson’s Bay Company 94
Human genome 84
Human microbiome 131
Hummingbird, ruby-throated 26
Hummus 76
Hybrid corn 266
Hydrated carbon 47
Hydrochloric acid 40, 126, 217
Hydrogen 95,
and cell energy 143
for plants 259
Hydrogenated Fats 100, 101
Hydrogen peroxide 278
Hydrolyzed vegetable protein 278
Hyena as food 3
Hyperactivity 58, 62
Hyperlipidemias and vegan diets 79
Hypoglycemia 61
Hypothalamus and appetite 33
I
Ice cream and calcium and fat 291
Idaho 272, 282
Impossible Burger 223
Impotence 109
Indian diet 91
Indigestion & contaminated food 134
Indirect calorimetry 18
Indoles 173
Indonesia 136
Infant botulism 285
Infant death and water 154
Infant Formula Act 183
Infections and iron 221
Infertility and lead 222
Ingenhousz, Jan 46
Inositol 48
Insect parts in food 261
Insulin 58, 59, 73, 128, 165
and chromium 221
and the kidneys 162
and tryptophan 63
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) 262
Intestines 120, 121
Intracellular water 151, 215
Intrinsic factor 126, 186
Iodine 11, 221, 225-227
and goiter 285
excess 226,
for plants 261
recommended intake 301-302
Ions 215
Iran, and wasps 262
and zinc deficiency 225
Ireland, potato diet 70
Iron 11, 220-225
absorption 178
additive 275,
amounts in food 222
and vegan diet 79, 90, 244
and vitamin C 190
deficiency 79, 184, 220
for babies 248,
for plants 260
fortification and supplements 224
in drinking water 159
non-heme 222, 223
pots and pans 224
recommended intake 208, 223, 243, 301-302;
toxicity 224
Ironman Triathlon 68
Irradiation for microbe control 282, 286
Isoleucine 72
Isoprene 276
Isotretinoin 197
Italy and pellagra 137
J
Jack-in-the-Box hamburgers 282
Japan 114, 179, 282
and breast cancer 114
Jaundice 284,
and vitamin K 193
Java 136
Jell-O 74
Jenny Craig 37
Jet lag and dehydration 155
Jixian, China and iodine 226
John, Elton 40
Junk food and children 250
K
Kale and legumes 77
Kellogg All-Bran cereal 288
Keshan’s disease & selenium 227
Ketones 38,
and starvation 147
Ketosis 35, 37, 147
Kidney 153, 162, 182, 216
and excess protein 88
and high blood pressure 109
and vitamin D 199
damage and lead 222
damage, and vitamin D 193
disease 161, 218,
stones 166, 210
Kidney failure 282,
and diabetes 59
Kidney beans 76
Kiebsiella and vitamin B12 80
Kilocalorie (kcal), definition 16
Kim chee 216
Krebs, Hans 143
Kwashiorkor 90, 245
L
Labeling 287,
definitions 294
Lactase 50, 132,
and microvilli 130
Lactation and folate 185,
and vegan diet 244
increased RDAs 246
Lactic acid 278
and energy supply 142
and muscle 75,
in athletes 75
Lactobacillus acidophilus 132
Lacto-ovo vegetarian 89
Lactose 48, 49, 62, 209
Lactose intolerance 132, 133
Laetrile 10
Lasorda, Tommy 14
Lavoisier, Antoine 4, 9, 46, 71
Laws of energy conservation 31
Laxatives 40, 98, 133
LDL-cholesterol 107, 110-111, 117
Lead in drinking water, in paint 159
in soil 261,
toxic effects 159, 222
Lean body mass 117
Lecithin 102
Leghemoglobin 223
Legumes 76, 210,
and nitrogen 259
source of iron, zinc 221
Lemaux, Peggy C. 268
Lemon and acidity 122
Leptin 5, 31
Leucine 72
Leukemia 83, 265
Lightning and nitrogen 259
Lignin 52
Lima beans 76, 77
and cyanide 265, 285
Lime juice for scurvy 178
Lime water 209
Lincoln, Abraham, son Willie 129
Lind, James, cure for scurvy 177
Linoleic acid 94, 99
and stearic acid 100
Linolenic acid 94, 99, 100
Lion as food 3
Lipid definition 102
Lipoproteins 107, 117
Listeria monocytogenes 284
Lister Institute 137
Liver 128, 182, 192, 193
and glucose 58,
and glycogen 51
and HDL 107
and pernicious anemia 5, 186
and sugar 55
and Vitamin A, K 192, 193
and vitamin D 199
damage 166, 193
digestive secretions 128
extract 184
source of B vitamins 177
source of chromium, copper 221
source of iron 220, 221
source of vitamin A 195
Liver damage and copper 221
Locust bean gum 53, 278
Love and food 34
Low-calorie diet 117
Low-carbohydrate diet 35, 37
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) 107
Lung cancer 108, 109, 112-114
Lutein 197
Lycopene 197,
and prostate cancer 114
Lynen, Feodor 145
Lysine 72, 89, 270
and corn 138,
in wheat 76
M
Macedonia 70
MacKinac Island, Michigan 121
Macquer 71
Macrobiotic 178
Magnesium 11, 95, 208, 210, 214-215
in hard water 159
recommended intake 301-302
Magnesium carbonate 278
Malnutrition 54, 91, 95, 236, 266
Malt 49
Maltol 278
Maltose 48, 49
and yeast 55,
from cornstarch 55
Manganese 11, 221, 228
Mannitol 48, 133
Manure 259
Maple syrup 61
Marasmus 90
Marathon 19, 20
Margarine 274,
and vitamin E 193
Market identification, penetration 273
Marrow and iron 223
Masa harina, 209
Mayer, Julius 46
Mayonnaise 294
and fat 97,
ingredients 102
McDonald’s burgers 97, 282
Mead, Margaret 20
Measles and vitamin A 193
Meat, and vitamin K 193
in the American diet 71
source of selenium 221
source of zinc 221
Medicines from plants 265
Melanin and tyrosine 90
Membrane 215,
cell 83
Menkes’ steely hair disease, and copper 228
Menopause 114, 211, 213
and breast cancer 114
Menstruation absence from anorexia 41
and breast cancer 114
and nutrition 251,
loss of iron 220
Mercaptan 162
Meringue 71
Mesomorph 22, 33
Messenger RNA 85, 86
Metabolic Syndrome 109
Metabolism 19, 210, 248, 285
amino acid 177, 183
and Leptin 5,
biotin 189
carbohydrate, fat, protein 177
cofactor 221,
definition 139
energy 180
Methane 150
Methanol 276
Methionine 72
limiting amino acid in legumes 76
Methotrexate and folate 185
Methyl acetate, butanol, formate 276
Methylene blue 162
Methylfuran 276
Methylparaben 278
Mexican-Americans and gallstones 129
and metabolic syndrome 110
Microorganisms 258, 272, 274, 280
and cellulose 52
make vitamin B12 186
Microvilli 130
Middle Eastern diet 91
Midtown Manhattan Study 24
Migraine 180
Milk 62, 111, 115, 181, 210
and lactose 132,
and vitamin K 193
as a source of nutrients 89
mother’s 182
source of selenium, zinc 221
vitamin-D-fortified 289
water and fat content 158
Minerals 10, 60, 207,
absorption 121
amount in human body 208
for plants 260,
trace 219
Mineral water 160
Minnesota starvation study 26
Minot, George 186
Mint in Priestley experiment 46
Miscarriage 284
Miso, for vitamin B12 80
source of zinc 225
Mississippi River 272
Mites in food 261
Mitochondria 83, 142, 143
Modified food starch 278
Molasses 70
for rum 55,
source of iron 220
Molds 281, 285
Molotov cocktail 17
Molybdenum 11, 221, 229
Monocalcium phosphate 278
Monoglycerides 278
Monosaccharides 48, 56, 122
Monounsaturated fatty acid 99
Moroccan ideas about food 3
Morphine 164
Mosquito abatement 262
Mouth and digestion 122
MSG (monosodium glutamate) 123, 216, 278
Mucin, lubricant for food 122
Mucus 126
Muffins 37
Murphy, Suzanne P. 239
Murphy, William 186
Muscle 89
cramps 209,
glycogen 51
Muscle cells 83
fast and slow twitch 146
Mushrooms 177
source of chromium 221
Mustard greens 77
Myoglobin 146,
source of iron 222
MyPlate eating guide 234-236, 239
N
Napoleon 272
National Academy of Science’s National Research Council 232-233
National Organic Program 296
National Seed Storage Laboratory 266
Native Americans and gallstones 129,
and lactase 132
Natto 80
Nausea 133, 177, 210, 284
and manganese, zinc 221
Neotame 48
Nephrons 161
Nerve cells 83
Nerve gases, poison 265, 283
Neural tube, and folate 243
defect in the fetus 185 Neurobiology 5
Newborns and iron 223
Niacin, Nicotinic acid, Nicotinamide, Niacinamide 11, 111, 112, 138, 141, 165, 166, 190, 165, 177, 182-183, 190
and energy metabolism 141
and LDL 111;
and pellagra 138
recommended intake 301-302
Nicholas Appert 272
Nickel 229
Nicotine 109, 112, 182
Nigeria 132
Night-eating syndrome 26
Nightshade 2
Nitrate (NO3) 259
Nitrite, and botulism 283
as a food additive 284
Nitrogen, and amino acids 145
disposal in urine 88,
for plants 259
gaseous 259,
in air 46
in ammonia 72
Nitrosamines,
and tobacco 284
Nobel Prize 5, 143, 145, 178, 186, 193, 203,
No-effect dose of food additive 278
Non-caloric, definition 17
Non-heme iron, food sources 223
Norovirus 281, 284
Nose and eating 122
Nosebleeds 112
Nucleic acid and folate 185
Nucleus of the cell 83
NuSun 101
NutraSweet 47, 48
Nutrient fortification 275
Nutrient loss with food processing 275
Nutri-System 37
Nutrition blending of Oriental and Greek 4
information law 288,
of plants 258
Nutritionists 10, 232
Nutrition Labeling & Education Act 288
Nutritive value, food preparation 274
Nuts:source of chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum 221
source of phosphorus 210
O
Oat bran 298
Obesity 5, 20, 21, 24, 28, 39, 40, 114, 115, 299;
and diabetes 59, 110
and HDL 112,
definition 16
metabolic syndrome 109, 110
Obestatin 124
Odwalla juice 282
Oil lamps 96
Okra 77
Oleic acid 98
Olestra 97
Olive oil 98, 99
Olives and pests 262
Omega-3 fatty acids 99
in the Eskimo diet 112
Omega-6 fatty acids 99
Opaque-2 gene 267
Optifast 35
Oranges 171
and pectin 52,
and water 157
Oreo cookies 295
Organic farming 259
Organic foods 296
Oscar Mayer 284
Osteomalacia 197
and vitamin D 193, 199
Osteoporosis 210, 211-214
and alcohol 213
and calcium 213, 291
and gender, genes 212
and vegans 80,
and vitamin D 193
Ovarian cancer 265
Overweight 117
Ovulation and temperature 251
Oxalic acid 210,
and iron 223
Oxygen 95, 184,
and burning 17, 46
and cell energy 143
and plants 259, 260
carried by hemoglobin 220
damage to food 274,
discovery 4
Oysters, source of zinc 225
P
Paint and lead 222
Palate 124
Palm oil 95, 99, 101
Palmitate 195
Pancreas 58, 124, 128, 165
digestive secretions 128
Pangamic acid 10
Pantothenic acid 11, 177, 188-189, 190
recommended intake 301-302
Papaya 193, 269
Parathormone 211
Pasteurized milk 74, 282
Peaches 51
Peanut allergy 265
Peanut butter 98, 100
Peanut butter sandwich 76
Peanuts 76,
and cellulose 52
Pearl millet hybrid 269
Peas 50,
and grain 77,
and nitrogen 259
Pectin 52, 278,
as food additive 276
Peer review 8, 9
Pellagra 137, 138, 164, 168, 181, 182, 190, 289, 292
Penicillin 83
Peppers 177
Pepsin 124
Peristalsis 124
Periwinkle and cancer drugs 265
Persian Gulf War 265
Personality disorder 24
Perspiration 153, 216
Peru, alcohol production 55
and cholera 75
Pesticides 258, 261, 262, 269
natural and synthetic 265
Pests 269
Phenothiazines 162
Phenylalanine 47, 72
Philippino farmers 269
Philo of Alexandria 79
Phosphate, DNA component 83
Phosphates 278
Phosphocreatine and ATP 141
Phospholipids 101, 102, 214
Phosphoric acid 278
Phosphorus 11, 193, 208, 210, 213-4
absorption and vitamin D 199
for plants 260
recommended intake 301-302
Photosynthesis 46, 140, 204, 259
Physical activity 32, 117, 118
and appetite 33,
and calories 29
Phytic acid,
and iron 223
and zinc deficiency 225
Pickles 216
Pigeons and beriberi 137
Pinch test to measure body fat 31
Pineapple, denaturing 74
Pinto beans 76
Pizza 235, 238
Placebo effect 9, 172, 173
and appetite 34
Placenta 242
Plant foods 115
Plant proteins in combination 76
Plumbing, source of copper 221
Plums and pests 262
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 269
Polyneuritis 136
Polysaccharides 49,
in beans 131
Polysorbate 278
Polyunsaturated fat 99, 201
Pomegranates 298
Popcorn 37
Pop Warner football 44
Pork and trichinella 284
source of thiamin 179
Potassium 11, 40, 95, 173, 208, 210, 215, 217-218, 275
for plants 260
recommended intake 301-302
Potassium alginate, bitartrate, bromate, sorbate 278
Potassium chloride for plants 260
Potato 51, 96, 168, 177, 210, 269
blight 70, 263,
chips 275
energy content 96,
toxic leaves 2
Potrykus, Igor 267
Prebiotic 131
Precambrian Era 150
Predators instead of pesticides 262
Preservation of food 274
Priestley, Joseph 46
Primeval atmosphere 259
Probiotic 131
Progestogen 213
Proline 72
Proof, measure of alcohol content 55
Propionaldehyde 276
Propionic acid 278
Propylene glycol 278
Propyl gallate, paraben 278
Prostate cancer 113
Protein 69, 96, 181
amount needed 88,
and vegans 80
chain of amino acids 84
combining grain and legume 76
digestion 122,
energy content 97
from eggs 76
from grain and roots 53
Greek word origin 72
identification 5,
in egg white 71
meats, milk, cheeses, and eggs 70
needs for athletes 89
plant sources 70
RDA during pregnancy 244
shapes 73,
source of nitrogen 259
synthesis 82, 182
Protein deficiency and poverty 90
Proteins 38
and energy metabolism 145
and iron 221,
from plants 259
from plants and animals 77
time in stomach 128
Protein-sparing diet 35
Provitamin A 193, 194
Prudent diet 236
Prunes, and cellulose 52
source of iron 220
Psychiatry and obesity 26
Psychological stress and high blood pressure 110
Psychotherapy and weight loss 39
Pulmonary embolism 203
Pumpkin seeds 76
Pyridium 162
Pyridoxine 177
Pyruvate 141, 142
and oxygen debt 142
and thiamin 144
Pythagorus 79
PYY (Peptide YY) 124
Q
Quarter horses 146
Quincy, Illinois and fluoride 228
R
Rabbit as food 3
Radioactive iodine 226
Radish sprouts 282
Raisins 62,
source of iron 220
Rancid oil and fat 274
RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance) 10, 164, 169, 232, 233, 272, 290, (see individual nutrients)
Reaumur, Rene de 120
Rectum 132
Red meat, source of iron 221
Refrigeration 274
Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN), Registered Dietitian (RD) 11
Rehydration 154
Respirometer 18
Retinoids, Retinol 193
Retinol Activity Equivalents (RAE) 195
Retinyl palmitate 195
Rheumatism 180
Rhodopsin 192, 205
and vitamin A 194
Rhubarb,
and fiber 52
and urine color 162,
unsafe leaves 2
Riboflavin 48, 167, 177, 181-182, 190
in milk 89
recommended intake 301-302
Ribose 48, 85
Ribosomes 83, 85, 86
Rice 50, 76,
and beriberi 136
food for poor 54
Golden and vitamin A 196
polished 179,
virus resistant 264
Rice water 247
Rickets 5, 197, 205, 214, 289 and vitamin D 193
Rifampin 162
RNA (ribonucleic acid) 48, 85 and folate 185
Rockefeller Foundation 267
Rolls, Barbara 36
Roman peasant diet 70
Roman Empire and lead 222
Roman gladiators and meat 89
Rose hips 171
Rosset, Peter 268
Rum 110
Rumen 52, 186
and hydrogenation 100
Ruminants and cellulose 52
Running 117
S
Saccharin 17, 48, 280
Safety, definition 277
Safrole 265
Salad dressing, vinegar and salt 123
Saliva 50, 55, 61, 122
Salivary amylase 50, 122
Salmonella 281, 284
Salt 8, 110, 115, 210, 215
and high blood pressure 110
and urine 153, 162
as food additive 277
for microbe control 282
iodized 289,
source of iodine 221
Salted pork 70
Sanders, T. A. B. 79
Sapodilla tree and fiber 52
Sardines 210
Satter, Ellyn 254
Saturated fat 110, 113, 115
Daily Value 290
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats 98
Sauerbraten 74
Sausages and botulism 283
Schlesinger, Nicole and Debra 42
Science, Scientific method 2, 7, 8
Scurvy 5, 164, 167, 177, 190,
discovery of cure 178
Seafood, and iodine 226
denatured by lime juice 74
source of copper, fluoride, iodine, selenium 221
Seal oil 94
Seals, source of vitamin D 200
Seaweed and fiber 52
Secretin 124
Seeds, source of copper 221
Selenium 11, 221, 227
for plants 261
Seltzer 160
Semen 71
Senility and fat 106
Serine 72
Serotonin 62, 63, 183, 184
Serving size 290
Sesame seeds 97,
and legumes 76
rich in calcium 209
Set Point 31,
theory of obesity 26
Sex hormones 103,
and LDL 107
Sexual desire and iron 221
Sheep, and cobalt 186
pasture raised 261
Shellfish source of zinc 221
Shigella 284
Shoyu (soy sauce) 80
Shrimp 180, 210
Sickle cell anemia 73
Silicon 229
Silicon dioxide 278
Simplesse, Simple Pleasures 97
Skeleton 208
Skin 169,
orange color 194
Skin cells 83
Skinner, B. F. 39
Slimfast 37
Slug 215
Small intestine 124, 129, 130
Smell, and zinc 221
receptors in the nose 123
Smoking 109, 213, 242, 284
and atherosclerosis, heart attack, lung cancer 108
Socioeconomic groups and birth weight 245,
and obesity 24
Sodium 8, 11, 208, 210, 215-217, 218
and high blood pressure 110
Daily Value 290,
deficiency 217
in soft water 159,
recommended intake 301-302
retention 162
Sodium acetate, alginate, aluminum phosphate, citrate 278
Sodium bicarbonate (“baking soda”) 128, 162, 278
Sodium chloride 110, (see Salt)
Sodium propionate 277
Solutes 161
Solvent, water 150
Sorbitol 48, 133, 278
Sorghum 54, 70, 268, 270
South Africa 269
Soy milk 80, 209
Soybeans 76, 273,
and nitrogen 259
and potatoes 77,
and vitamin K 204
in Japanese diet 114,
protein 76
Soy lecithin 102
Soy sauce (shoyu) 210
Spaghetti sauce and iron 285
Sparkling water 160
Sparta 79
Spartanburg, South Carolina and pellagra 138
Spenda 48
Sphincter, definition 126
Spices and cancer 265
Spider mites in cotton 262
Spinach 77, 193, 209, 210, 283
source of iron 221
source of lutein 197
Spoilage 274
Sports drink 65, 156, 157
Spring water 160
Squash, winter 193, 210
Stabilizers and fiber 52
Staphylococcus 281, 284
Starch 47, 48, 49, 50, 55
digestion 122, 270
energy for plant reproduction 50
Starvation 35, 38, 94
and energy sources 147
St. Bernard dog and smell 123
Stearic acid 98
Stefansson, Vohjalmur 94
St. Martin, Alexis 121
Stomach 120, 125, 129
and appetite 33,
contraction 121
glands, muscles 126
Stool 64
Strawberries 168, 262
Strength-and-power athletes 65
Stroke 106, 109
and high blood pressure 108
Stunkard, Albert 24
Stunted growth 246
Subcutaneous fat 15
Sucralose 48
Sucrase 50,
and microvilli 130
Sucrose 48, 49, 156, 172
Sucrose intolerance 132
Sucrose polyester 98
Suffocation 283
Sugar 61, 172
and moisture illusion 158
and mood 62,
as food additive 277
DNA component 83
for microbe control 282
in carbohydrates 47, 55
on labels 292
Sugar beet, Sugar cane 49
Sulfur for plants 260
Sun sustains all life 45
Sunette 48
Sunflower oil 101
Sunflower seeds 76, 89
Sunkist 273
Sunshine 164
and vitamin D 193, 198, 199
Swallowing 124,
Swallowing air 127
Sweat 153, 156
Sweetness 50
Sweet One 48
Sweet potato 54, 77
Sweets as rewards for children 248
Swenson, Robert 161
Swiss chard..77
Switchgrass 56
Symbiotic relationship 259
Szent-Gyorgyi, Albert 178
T
Taboos about food 3, 267
Takaki, K. 179
Tang 273
Tannins and iron 223
Tap water 159
Taro 269
Tartaric acid 278
Taste 123-124
and nutrition 275,
and zinc 221
Taste buds 50, 123
Tastes, basic five 123
Taxol 265
Tea, source of fluoride 221
Teeth, and fluoride 221
for cutting and grinding 122
Tempeh for vitamin B12 80
Temperature and bacteria control 281
and ovulation 251
Termites and cellulose 53
Testosterone 108, 212
Tetany 209
Tetracycline 228
Thalassemia 224
Thales 79
Thanksgiving turkey and water 158
Thiamin 5, 11, 169, 177, 179-180, 190
and beriberi 138,
and pork 234
recommended intake 301-302
Thiaminase 180
Thiamin pyrophosphate 144
Thickeners and fiber 52
Thirst 154, 156, 251
Threonine 72
Thrombin 204
Thyroid 165
and iodine 221, 225, 261
hormone 226
Tissue culture 269
Tobacco 113, 284
Tocopherols 193, 201, 278
Toddler and nutrition education 249
Tofu 209, 210,
and rice 76
Tolerable Upper Intake Value (UL) 232
Tomatoes 193, 210
source of lycopene 197
Tongue 47, 122, 123
Tooth decay 58, 61, 62
and fluoride 221,
and sugar 61
Toothpaste and fluoride 228
Torregrossa, Richard 43
Tortillas 183, 209,
and beans 76
Total breakfast cereal 292
Total fat, Daily Value 290
Tour de France 66
Toxins 154
from plants 265,
in plants 262
Tragacanth gum 278
Trans fat 101, 110
and LDL levels 110
Transfer RNA 86, 87
Trichinella 282, 284
Triglycerides 95, 111, 151
and energy metabolism 144
and energy storage 146
Tropical oils 101
Tryptophan 48, 62, 63, 181-183, 190 and niacin,
and pellagra 138
Tunisia and lysine 76
Turkey and animal domestication 79
Turnips 54
Twin studies 25
Typhoid 129
Tyrosine 72
U
Ulcer and anemia 222
UL (Tolerable Upper Limit) 183
Ultraviolet light 181
and vitamin D 10
Umami, definition 123
United Nations and pesticides 262
United Nations report 268
Urea, and amino acids 145
and ammonia 88
Uremia, Uremic toxicity 162
Ureter 161
Urinary tract infection 162
Urine 17, 48, 153, 162, 178, 217
and amonia 88,
and glucose 58
and ketones 38,
and urea 145
excreting vitamins 176
Urochrome 162
USDA (US Dept. of Agriculture) 8, 110, 234, 239, 258, 296
and food grades 293
Organic seal 296
U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services (HHS) 110, 239
U.S. Pellagra Hospital 138
U.S. Public Health Service and pellagra 137
USP (United States Pharmacopeia) 210
Utah and locusts 262
Uterus 242
V
Valine 72
Valley Girls 40
Vanadium 229
Variety of foods, importance of 285
Vegan burgers 223
Vegan diet, and health 79
and vitamin B12 90, 188
and zinc 225,
during pregnancy 244
Vegetable Group 234
Vegetable oil, and vitamin E 193
Vegetables green leafy and vitamin K 193
solid food for babies 248
Vegetarian diet 64, 70, 78, 89
and proteins 76
and vitamin A 196
Vermont prison study 26
Vichysoisse 283
Vigor and energy 19
Villi in the small intestine 130
Vinblastine, Vincristine 265
Vinegar acetic acid 144
as food additive 277
for microbe control 282
Viruses 264, 269
and diabetes 59
during pregnancy 242
Vitamins (see individual vitamins) deficiency, definition 164
fat-soluble 191
myths 171
names 10
overdoses 192
supplements 172
synthetic 171
water soluble 177
Vitamin A (retinol, retinal, retinoic acid) 11, 164, 171, 172, 192-197
and birth defects 279
and blindness 5
and vision 5
deficiency worldwide 193
during pregnancy 196, 244
poisoning symptoms 196
recommended intake 246, 301-302
Vitamin B1 (see Thiamin) Vitamin B2 (see Riboflavin) Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine) 11, 166, 177, 181, 183-184
and amino acids 145
and protein synthesis 183
in infant formula 183
recommended intake 183, 301-302
toxic dose 166
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) 5, 11, 126, 169, 173, 177, 186-188, 190
absorption 130
advice for the elderly 252
in milk 89
and cobalt 261
and folate 187
and vegan diets 79
deficiency and nerve damage 187
discovery 186
during pregnancy 244
in milk 89
recommended intake 187, 301-302
“Vitamin B15, B17” 10
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid, ascorbate) 11, 94, 166, 168, 176-178, 273, 285
and common cold 166
and iron 223,
and scurvy 176
deficiency 178,
for smokers 168
recommended intake 178, 246, 301-302
Vitamin D (ergocalciferol, cholecalciferol) 10, 11, 164, 192, 193, 197-200
age dependent needs 200
and blood calcium 209
and the kidneys 162
danger of excess 200
recommended intake 246, 301-302
Vitamin E (tocopherol, tocotrienol) 11, 192, 193, 200-202
as food additive, antioxidant 277
myths about 200
recommended intake 201, 301-302
toxicity 202
Vitamin K (phylloquinone, menaquinones, menadione) 11, 131, 192, 193, 202-204
and bacteria 10
recommended intake 301-302
shots for newborns 204
Vitamin pill for vegans 80
Vitamins (see individual vitamins) categories 10,
fat soluble 136, 192
“lab-made” vs. “natural” 170
made by plants 260
water soluble 136
Vodka 110
Vomiting 127, 154, 217, 284
and bulimia 41
and copper, iron, manganese 221
Vomitoria, Roman 120
W
Waist size/circumference 109
Wald, George 193
Walter, Richard 176
Washington 282
Water 149, 150, 151, 153
and athletic performance 156
and the structure of food 157
balance 154,
in food 157, 158
intoxication 155,
overload 157
required intake 155
Watermelon and salt 123
Weed control, pests 262
Weevils in food 261
Weight and high blood pressure 109
Weight gain during pregnancy 244
Weight loss 117,
and water 16
diets, schemes 23, 35, 38
Weight Watcher’s 37
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome 190,
Whale oil 94
Wheat 50, 76,
stone ground 74
Wheat allergenicity 270
Wheat germ 274,
source of zinc 221
Whisky 110,
from corn 272
White blood cells 83,
and zinc 221
White bread 274
Whole wheat and fiber 275
Wiley, Harvey 278
Willow bark and aspirin 265
Wilson’s disease and copper 228
Windpipe 124
Wine, alcohol content, from sugar 55
Wine, red, source of chromium 221
Winter squash 77
Wolf, Stewart 125
Women’s Health Initiative 213
World Health Organization (WHO) 193
World War II 71, 272
Worms in food 261
Wright brothers 266
X
Xerophthalmia, Xerox 193
Y
Yams 77
Yeast 184, 189, and alcohol 55
Yersinia enterocolitica 284
Yew bark and taxol 265
Yin, Yang, definition 3
Yogurt 132, 181, 252
Yolk, fat and cholesterol 71
Yo-yo dieting 36
Z
Zilberman, David 269
Zinc 11, 221, 225
and puberty delay 225
and vegan diet 244,
deficiency 225
for plants 261,
toxicity 225
recommended intake 301-302
Zucchini 8
Zygote 242