11.10: Water
- Page ID
- 84076
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Dietary water enters the body in beverages and foods. In addition, some is produced in the body by the complete breakdown of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Water leaves the body in feces, urine, and perspiration and by evaporation from the respiratory system.
Uses
Dietary water aids the digestive system by dissolving materials, lubricating, transporting materials by bulk flow and diffusion, and reacting chemically. Once in the body, water serves the same purposes. It also helps regulate body temperature by distributing heat and eliminating heat through evaporation. Water helps cushion, maintain cell size through osmotic pressure, and regulate acid/base balance.
Body water is in three areas: the blood, the spaces between cells (intercellular space), and within cells (intracellular space). Water moves in a controlled manner between these areas. Both the total amount of water in the body and the proportionate distribution of water among these three areas are essential for healthy survival.
Recommended Dietary Intakes
One aspect of maintaining homeostasis is maintaining water balance, or obtaining as much water as is lost. On the average, an adult can maintain water balance by ingesting approximately 2 liters of water a day. The breakdown of nutrients supplies the 350 ml of additional water needed each day to achieve water balance. However, the amount of dietary water supplied may require considerable adjustment because water loss can vary greatly between individuals and from time to time. Factors that increase water loss include high environmental temperatures, low humidity, vigorous exercise, alcohol consumption, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, several kidney diseases, and various medications. In addition, individuals who spit frequently, such as those who chew tobacco, lose much water in the saliva they expectorate.
Water Deficiencies
Advancing age is accompanied by an increasing risk of water deficiency because of decreases in both the sensation of thirst and the control of water loss in urine. Many elderly people have disabilities that restrict their access to water. Others have elevated water loss from medications that reduce high blood pressure or edema. Furthermore, increasing fiber in the diet without simultaneously increasing water intake or eating a diet very high in fiber will raise the risk of water deficiency because fiber inhibits the absorption of dietary water. Since several potent factors can lead to water deficiency among the elderly, monitoring older individuals’ water intake and output is advisable for care givers in clinical care and institutional settings.
Individuals who do not ingest enough water to maintain water balance may suffer from any of a variety of abnormalities, including (1) low blood pressure and the consequences of poor circulation, (2) joint stiffness, (3) sunken eyes, (4) dryness of the eyes, mouth, or skin, (5) sagging and wrinkling skin, (6) diverse brain malfunctions, (7) constipation, (8) reduced kidney functioning, and (9) urinary stones.
See Body Water, Sodium, Potassium, and Acid Abnormalities & Effects from Deviations.
For a list of problems from having too little body water, go to https://www.biologyofhumanaging.com/tblurn - true.htm . (Suggestion 249.02.01)
Water Excesses
Ingesting too much water seems to be uncommon among the elderly. Those who do so may experience high blood pressure or edema.
See Body Water, Sodium, Potassium, and Acid Abnormalities & Effects from Deviations.
For a list of problems from having too much body water, go to https://www.biologyofhumanaging.com/tblurn - true.htm .