10: Macronutrient Metabolism Micronutrients
- Page ID
- 40988
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\dsum}{\displaystyle\sum\limits} \)
\( \newcommand{\dint}{\displaystyle\int\limits} \)
\( \newcommand{\dlim}{\displaystyle\lim\limits} \)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\)
\( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\)
\( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorA}[1]{\vec{#1}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorAt}[1]{\vec{\text{#1}}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorB}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorC}[1]{\textbf{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorD}[1]{\overrightarrow{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorDt}[1]{\overrightarrow{\text{#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectE}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{\mathbf {#1}}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)The macronutrient metabolism vitamins and minerals are:
- Thiamin
- Riboflavin
- Niacin
- Pantothenic Acid
- Vitamin \(B_6\)
- Biotin
- Vitamin \(B_{12}\)
- Vitamin C
- Iodine
- Manganese
- Magnesium
All but three of these will be covered in this section. You will learn about vitamin \(B_{12}\) in the one-carbon metabolism chapter and magnesium in the electrolyte chapter. You have learned about vitamin C in the antioxidant chapter. We are left with iodine, manganese, and many of the B vitamins. You will learn about the 2 minerals followed by the B vitamins in the next sections.
- 10.1: Iodine
- This page discusses the significance of iodine for thyroid hormone production and its relationship with selenium. Dietary sources include iodized salt, seafood, and dairy, with global variations in soil iodine. Deficiency can lead to goiter and cretinism, affecting development, especially in pregnancy. While iodine deficiency is preventable through iodization, toxicity is rare but can cause thyroid problems.
- 10.2: Manganese
- This page highlights the importance of manganese as a cofactor for several key enzymes essential for processes like gluconeogenesis, the urea cycle, and proteoglycan production. Manganese is poorly absorbed, with rare deficiencies leading to vomiting and skeletal issues, while toxicity is associated with neurological problems. Additionally, the page notes a connection between manganese toxicity and iron deficiency, which affects manganese absorption.
- 10.3: Thiamin
- This page details Thiamin (Vitamin B1), its structure, functions as a cofactor in enzyme reactions, and its role in various metabolic processes. It highlights the rarity of deficiencies in developed nations, while noting that such deficiencies can result in beriberi. It also addresses the risk for alcoholics in developing Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome and emphasizes that thiamin toxicity from oral intake poses no concern.
- 10.4: Riboflavin
- This page discusses the observation of bright yellow urine from a student taking Mega Man Sport Multi-vitamin, linked to riboflavin (B2). Riboflavin, a water-soluble vitamin, is crucial for energy metabolism and neurotransmitter functions, often excreted in excess. While deficiency is rare, it can cause various symptoms. The page cites two sources: "Wardlaw's Perspectives in Nutrition" (2009) by Getoor and Berning, and a 2016 journal article by Pinto and Zempleni on riboflavin.
- 10.5: Niacin
- This page discusses niacin, existing as nicotinic acid and nicotinamide, essential for NAD and NADP+ production. It's synthesized from tryptophan with vitamin support and is crucial for many enzymatic reactions. Deficiency can lead to pellagra. High doses of nicotinic acid improve lipid profiles but may worsen glucose metabolism, increasing diabetes risk.
- 10.6: Pantothenic Acid
- Pantothenic acid has two roles in the body: (1) It is part of coenzyme A ( CoA ), this is its major role and (2) it is part of acyl carrier protein
- 10.7: Vitamin B₆
- This page provides an overview of Vitamin B6, its compounds, and their activation into pyridoxal phosphate, which is crucial for enzyme function in amino acid metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis. It discusses the rarity of deficiency symptoms, potential toxicity from high doses, and the role of supplementation in conditions like carpal tunnel, morning sickness, and premenstrual syndrome.
- 10.8: Biotin
- This page discusses biotin, which has two forms: free biotin and biocytin. Biotin is essential for certain enzyme functions like fatty acid synthesis and gluconeogenesis. Biocytin is converted to free biotin by biotinidase before absorption. Deficiency is rare but can occur due to genetic factors or consuming raw egg whites, which contain avidin that binds biotin. There are no reported cases of biotin toxicity.