1: Chapters
- Page ID
- 38002
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\)
\( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\)
\( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorA}[1]{\vec{#1}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorAt}[1]{\vec{\text{#1}}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorB}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorC}[1]{\textbf{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorD}[1]{\overrightarrow{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorDt}[1]{\overrightarrow{\text{#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectE}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{\mathbf {#1}}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- 1.1: Immunosuppression for Solid Organ Transplantation
- The page discusses the advancements and impact of selective immunosuppression in solid organ and bone marrow transplantation. Immunosuppression helps reduce organ graft rejection and graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) by targeting specific immune pathways while minimizing side effects.
- 1.2: Introduction to Pharmacology
- The page provides an overview of pharmacology, emphasizing the effects and actions of drugs on the body (pharmacodynamics) and the body's processing of drugs (pharmacokinetics). It discusses drug distribution methods, absorption, metabolism, and excretion. The document describes various targets for drug action, including water, hydrogen ions, metal ions, and enzymes.
- 1.3: Pharmacokinetics I
- The page provides a detailed overview of drug absorption, distribution, and elimination, describing the factors influencing these processes for both enteral and parenteral administration. It covers mechanisms like passive diffusion, active transport, and endocytosis, along with various routes of drug administration including oral, parenteral, pulmonary, and topical. It discusses drug distribution across tissues, plasma protein binding, and apparent volume of distribution.
- 1.4: Pharmacokinetics II - Dosing
- The page discusses pharmacokinetic parameters used to estimate dosing regimens for a drug, GOOD-4U??. It covers how to determine an initial concentration and assess the potential for side effects, calculate the time for significant dose elimination, and evaluate the impact of renal function on drug clearance.
- 1.5: Case Study - Anticholinesterase
- The document discusses a case of organophosphate poisoning in a 55-year-old crop duster experiencing symptoms due to acetylcholinesterase (AchE) inhibition by organophosphates used in insecticides. It explains the pharmacology of anticholinesterase inhibitors, their systemic effects, and the distinction between reversible and irreversible inhibition.
- 1.6: Autonomic Pharmacology
- The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is crucial for treating various diseases and many drugs have autonomic side effects. The ANS controls involuntary functions while the somatic nervous system (SNS) controls voluntary muscles. The sympathetic division of the ANS is associated with 'fight or flight' responses, while the parasympathetic division is linked to 'rest and digest' activities.
- 1.7: Local Anesthetics
- The page discusses the mechanisms of local anesthesia, focusing on the pharmacology of local anesthetics (LAs). It explains how LAs selectively numb a specific body region by blocking nerve impulses, primarily by interfering with sodium channel activity. Different forms of LAs have varying potencies and effectiveness based on their molecular structure and pH environment.
- 1.8: Antiinflammatory Drugs
- Inflammation is mediated in part by prostaglandins produced by the cyclooxygenase pathway. NSAIDs inhibit this pathway and serve as combined anti-inflammatory, anti pyretics, and analgesics. Because NSAIDs are generally nonspecific and exert numerous side effects, there is great interest in more specific therapeutics such as selective COX-2 inhibitors and anti-cytokine agents.
- 1.9: Vasoactive Drugs I
- Hypertension, affecting about 25% of adult Americans, is often symptomless, earning it the nickname "silent killer." It can lead to serious health issues like stroke, heart disease, and renal failure. Most hypertension is idiopathic, but some cases have identifiable causes such as renal issues or hormonal imbalances. Treatment includes lifestyle changes and medications like diuretics, beta-blockers, and ACE inhibitors.
- 1.10: Vasoactive Drugs II - Heart Failure
- The document provides an extensive overview of congestive heart failure (CHF) and its pharmacological management, with a primary focus on left ventricular failure. It describes the physiological mechanisms behind CHF using the pressure-volume loop of the left ventricle (LV) and outlines five main pathways leading to CHF. The document also details acute and chronic causes, common symptoms, and various management strategies.
- 1.11: Lipid Lowering Drugs - Hyperlipidemia and Atherosclerosis
- The page provides a comprehensive overview of atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease affecting arterial walls in long-lived mammals, caused by risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipoproteinemia. It discusses the role of various lipoproteins, transmembrane receptors, apolipoproteins, and sterols in lipid transport and metabolism.
- 1.12: Neuropharmacology I - Drugs for Movement Disorders
- This page provides a comprehensive overview of movement disorders, particularly focusing on Parkinson's Disease (PD) and its treatment options. Movement disorders are neurologic disorders affecting the motor system, with Parkinson's being the most prevalent, especially in those over 65. The page discusses the symptoms and pathology of PD, highlighting dopamine's role.
- 1.13: Nitric Oxide
- The lecture focuses on the effects of inhaling low levels of nitric oxide (NO) on lung function in both normal and diseased states, emphasizing its role in treating pulmonary artery hypertension and ARDS. It highlights NO's mechanism of action, clinical research, and variations in patient response. NO inhalation offers selective pulmonary vasodilation without systemic side effects. It is beneficial in ARDS and neonatal respiratory issues but varies in effectiveness.
- 1.14: Neuropharmacology II - Anxiolytics and Antidepressants
- This page discusses the problem of depression, affecting up to 5% of the population. It outlines the DSM-IV criteria for diagnosing depression, highlighting symptoms such as low mood, weight changes, and suicidal thoughts. The text delves into the pathophysiology of depression, treatment options, and the role of biogenic amines. It compares different classes of antidepressants, sedatives, and hypnotics, detailing their mechanisms, effects, and potential risks, including addiction and abuse.
- 1.15: Neuropharmacology III - Anticonvulsants
- This page discusses seizures, specifically focusing on anticonvulsant drugs and treatments. Seizures are episodes of abnormal neuron activity, often leading to altered consciousness and motor activity, with epilepsy affecting about 1% of the population. Effective treatment relies on correct diagnosis and classification, with partial and primary generalized seizures as key categories.
- 1.16: Antimicrobials I and II
- This page covers the pharmacologic principles of antimicrobial therapy, explaining that successful therapy involves delivering an effective drug concentration to the infection site for an appropriate duration. It highlights key elements like drug absorption, distribution, and elimination, emphasizing that bacteriocidal therapy is crucial for certain infections.
- 1.17: Chemotherapy
- The page outlines the principles of clinical cancer chemotherapy, highlighting different chemotherapy efficacy levels, from curative to limited effectiveness, and the mechanisms of drug resistance in cancer treatment. It discusses the impact of first-order kinetics in chemotherapy, types of drugs used (based on cell cycle specificity), their mechanisms, and associated toxicities.
- 1.18: Opioid Pharmacology
- The page provides a comprehensive overview of opioids and their classification, structure-activity relationships, endogenous opioid peptides, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics. It distinguishes between opiates, opioids, and various opioid receptor subtypes (??, ??, ??), and describes the effects and mechanisms of action of opioid agonists and antagonists. The document also covers clinical properties, such as analgesia, sedation, respiratory depression, and effects on smooth muscle.