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16.11: Summary

Last updated

Sep 15, 2022
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- 16.10: The Testes
- 16.12: Homeostasis and Feedback Control

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Hormones are chemicals that are released into the blood by endocrine glandsi.e. Glands with no ducts. Hormones act on specific target organs that recognize them.
The main endocrine glands in the body are the hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands, the pancreas, ovaries and testes.
The hypothalamus is situated under the cerebrum of the brain. It produces or controls many of the hormones released by the pituitary gland lying adjacent to it.
The pituitary gland is divided into two parts: the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary.
The anterior pituitary produces:

Growth hormone that stimulates body growth
Prolactin that initiates milk production
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) that stimulates the development of ova
Luteinising hormone (LH) that stimulates the development of the corpus luteum
Plus several other hormones

The posterior pituitary releases:

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) that regulates water loss and raises blood pressure
Oxytocin that stimulates milk “let down”.

The pineal gland in the brain produces melatonin that influences sexual development and breeding cycles.
The thyroid gland located in the neck, produces thyroxine, which influences the rate of growth and development of young animals. Thyroxine consists of 60% iodine. Lack of iodine leads to goitre.
The parathyroid glands situated adjacent to the thyroid glands in the neck produce parathormone that regulates blood calcium levels and the excretion of phosphates.
The adrenal gland located adjacent to the kidneys is divided into the outer cortex and the inner medulla.
The adrenal cortex produces:

Aldosterone that regulates the blood concentration of sodium and potassium
Cortisone and hydrocortisone that affect glucose, protein and fatmetabolism
Male and female sex hormones

The adrenal medulla produces adrenalin responsible for the flight, fright, fightresponse that prepares animals for emergencies.
The pancreas that lies in the first bend of the small intestine produces insulinthat regulates blood glucose levels.
The ovaries are located in the lower abdomen produce 2 important sex hormones:

The follicle cells of the developing ova produce oestrogen, which controls the development of the mammary glands and prepares the uterus for pregnancy.
The corpus luteum that develops in the empty follicle after ovulation produces progesterone. This hormone further prepares the uterus for pregnancy and maintains the pregnancy.

The testes produce testosterone that stimulates the development of the male reproductive system and sexual characteristics.

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