12: Blood, Bones and Teeth Micronutrients
- Page ID
- 41002
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)This chapter is a collection of vitamins and minerals that are involved in the structure or function of blood, bones and teeth.
- 12.1: Vitamin D
- This page discusses the dual role of vitamin D as a vitamin and hormone, synthesized from cholesterol in sunlight exposure. It compares dietary forms D2 and D3, with D3 being more effective. The page highlights dietary sources, particularly fatty fish, and the challenges of vitamin D deficiency, leading to conditions like rickets and osteomalacia. It addresses factors influencing vitamin D synthesis and the regulatory roles of parathyroid hormone.
- 12.2: Calcium
- This page explains the importance of calcium, the most abundant mineral in the body, primarily found in bones. Its absorption is facilitated by TRPV6 channels and calbindin, regulated by vitamin D, while certain compounds hinder this process. Calcium is vital for muscle contraction, hormone release, and blood clotting. Deficiency, though rare, can cause serious health issues, especially in women post-menopause who face osteoporosis risks.
- 12.3: Phosphorus
- This page discusses the regulation of phosphorus in the body by hormones like PTH, calcitonin, and vitamin D, highlighting the high phosphorus content in animal products versus the low bioavailability in plant sources due to phytate. It notes the interference of phytate with mineral absorption, the absorption rate of dietary phosphorus, and the potential negative effects of phosphorus from colas on bone density.
- 12.4: Fluoride
- This page discusses fluoride, a nonessential mineral beneficial for dental health but toxic in high doses, leading to conditions like fluorosis. It highlights the increase in fluorosis among U.S. children and the ongoing debate over water fluoridation policies, with varying opinions evident in local decisions and media coverage.
- 12.5: Vitamin K
- This page discusses the three forms of Vitamin K: K1 (found in leafy vegetables), K2 (produced by bacteria and found in some animal products), and K3 (synthetic). It highlights the vitamin's role in blood clotting and bone health, noting that deficiencies, while rare, can cause bleeding issues, particularly in newborns. Toxicity is uncommon for K1 and K2 but possible with K3. Blood thinners like warfarin can interfere with Vitamin K's function, raising bleeding risk.
- 12.6: Vitamin A
- This page discusses vitamin A, which exists in three forms: retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid. It highlights dietary sources, absorption, and its role in gene regulation. The page explains the function of the retina's photoreceptor cells—rods for low-light vision and cones for color vision—emphasizing vitamin A's importance in producing rhodopsin and its involvement in immune function and cell differentiation. While deficiency is rare in North America, it is common in developing countries.
- 12.7: Iron
- This page discusses iron's two dietary forms: heme and non-heme iron, detailing their sources, absorption factors, and transport mechanisms. Iron is crucial for oxygen transport in hemoglobin and myoglobin and is regulated by hepcidin. Deficiency affects billions, often leading to anemia, while toxicity is rare but can occur with excessive supplementation.
- 12.8: Zinc
- This page discusses zinc's critical role in North American diets, primarily sourced from animal products. It highlights zinc's function as a cofactor for numerous enzymes and its importance in immune function and growth. While zinc deficiency is rare, it poses risks for vulnerable groups. The page also notes that excessive zinc intake can lead to toxicity and interfere with copper levels, alongside variations in the bioavailability of common zinc supplements.
- 12.9: Copper
- This page discusses the two forms of copper, cupric (\(\ce{Cu^2+}\)) and cuprous (\(\ce{Cu^1+}\)), highlighting that cuprous is primarily absorbed. It describes how copper is reduced and transported into enterocytes, where it has various functions, including iron absorption. It notes that copper deficiency is rare but can lead to anemia and immune problems, while toxicity can cause gastrointestinal and neurological issues.