4: Rhinology
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- 4.3: External Ethmoidectomy and Frontal Sinusotomy/Trephine
- External approaches to the frontal, ethmoid and maxillary sinuses are seldom used nowadays other than in centers in the developing world where endoscopic sinus surgery expertise and instrumentation are not available; CT scans are also often not available in such centers to permit endoscopic sinus surgery to be properly planned and safely executed.